Caffeine exposure during pregnancy, small for gestational age birth and neonatal outcome – results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

Table 4 Association Between Caffeine Intake and Neonatal Outcomes, n = 67,569, Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, 2002–2009

	Total caffeine intake			Coffee caffeine intake			Tea caffeine intake			Soft drink caffeine intake			Chocolate caffeine intake
	OR		p-value	OR		p-value	OR		p-value	OR		p-value	OR		p-value
	95% CI		p-value	95% CI		p-value	95% CI		p-value	95% CI		p-value	95% CI		p-value
Unadjusted:
Neonatal morbidity/mortality	0.93		0.01	0.93		0.01	0.89		0.14	1.03		0.73	0.37		0.01
Neonatal morbidity/mortality	0.89	0.98	0.01	0.88	0.98	0.01	0.77	1.04	0.14	0.88	1.19	0.73	0.17	0.79	0.01
Neonatal intervention	0.98		0.05	0.97		0.06	0.93		0.07	1.04		0.30	0.83		0.32
Neonatal intervention	0.95	1.00	0.05	0.95	1.00	0.06	0.87	1.01	0.07	0.96	1.12	0.30	0.58	1.19	0.32
Adjusted:
Neonatal morbidity/mortality	1.00		0.88	1.00		0.83	1.04		0.66	1.05		0.54	0.92		0.84
Neonatal morbidity/mortality	0.95	1.06	0.88	0.94	1.06	0.83	0.88	1.21	0.66	0.88	1.23	0.54	0.41	1.99	0.84
Neonatal intervention	1.02		0.07	1.02		0.25	0.99		0.85	1.08		0.05	1.51		0.03
Neonatal intervention	1.00	1.05	0.07	0.99	1.05	0.25	0.91	1.07	0.85	1.00	1.17	0.05	1.03	2.19	0.03

CI confidence interval, OR odds ratios, Odds ratios for the outcomes of interest as a function of a 100-mg change in daily caffeine intake. ORs according to logistic regression, both unadjusted and adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, household income, maternal education, marital status, parity, maternal age at delivery, smoking status, presence of nausea, folic acid supplementation, planned pregnancy, baby’s sex and total energy intake. When studying different caffeine sources, analyses were mutually adjusted for caffeine sources

ISSN: 1471-2393