Mid-arm muscle area and anthropometry predict low birth weight and poor pregnancy outcomes in Tanzanian women with HIV

Table 3 Anthropometric Risk Factors for Small for Gestational Age

Characteristics	N	Univariate		Multivariate^a
Characteristics	N	RR (95% CI)	P-Value	RR (95% CI)	P-Value
Maternal weight change - overall (slope)
Tertile 1	203	Reference	< 0.0001^	Reference	< 0.0001^
Tertile 2	159	0.76 (0.64, 0.91)		0.75 (0.63, 0.89)
Tertile 3	107	0.53 (0.43, 0.65)		0.58 (0.47, 0.71)
Maternal weight change - 2nd trimester (slope)			< 0.0001^
Tertile 1	172	Reference		Reference	< 0.0001^
Tertile 2	129	0.73 (0.61, 0.88)		0.72 (0.60, 0.87)
Tertile 3	89	0.52 (0.42, 0.65)		0.56 (0.45, 0.70)
BMI change - overall (slope)
Tertile 1	201	Reference	< 0.0001^	Reference	< 0.0001^
Tertile 2	156	0.75 (0.63, 0.89)		0.75 (0.63, 0.88)
Tertile 3	113	0.56 (0.46, 0.69)		0.59 (0.49, 0.72)
MAMA mean (cm)
≤ 33.1	330	Reference		Reference
> 33.1	239	0.76 (0.66, 0.88)	< 0.0001^	0.78 (0.68, 0.90)	< 0.06^
MAMA change - overall (slope)
Tertile 1	193	Reference	0.69^
Tertile 2	183	0.94 (0.79, 1.12)
Tertile 3	171	0.89 (0.74, 1.06)
MAMA change - 2nd trimester (slope)
Tertile 1	162	Reference	0.19^	Reference	0.63^
Tertile 2	167	1.00 (0.83, 1.70)		0.99 (0.83, 1.19)
Tertile 3	135	0.84 (0.69, 1.02)		0.84 (0.70, 1.03)
MUAC (mean)
≤ 26 cm	347	Reference		Reference
> 26 cm	222	0.74 (0.64, 0.85)	< 0.0001^	0.75 (0.65, 0.87)	< 0.0001^
MUAC change - overall (slope)
Tertile 1	148	Reference	0.99^
Tertile 2	155	1.02 (0.85, 1.24)
Tertile 3	133	0.90 (0.73, 1.10)
MUAC change - 2nd trimester (Slope)
Tertile 1	118	Reference	0.72^
Tertile 2	128	1.06 (0.86, 1.31)
Tertile 3	116	0.97 (0.78, 1.20)
Adherence to iron supplementation
< median	272	Reference		Reference
≥ median	315	0.85 (0.63, 1.14)	0.01^	1.08 (0.93, 1.24)	0.28^

^ Test for Trend
^a Multivariate Model adjusted for all variables in the univariate with a p-value less than 0.20 and marital status (married, other), education (none, 1–4 years, 5–8 years, 8+ years), employment (none, informal income, formal income), previous pregnancies (0, 1 to 3, 3+), daily food expenditure (< 500 Tsh, > 500 Tsh);WHO stage (1,2,3,4), previous low birth weight baby, previous caesarian delivery, previous baby died with first 7 days, malaria during pregnancy, and hypertension during this pregnancy. Anthropometric variables (weight, BMI, MAMA) were entered into separate multivariate models. Where both mean and change (slope) variables are significant they were both entered into the same model (e.g. weight and weight change

ISSN: 1471-2393