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Table 1 Maternal sociodemographic characteristics (N = 1300)

From: Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus: findings from a universal screening feasibility program in Lima, Peru

Characteristics

All participants (N = 1300)

No GDM (N = 1095)

GDM (N = 205)

P-value

n

%

n

%

n

%

Maternal age (years)a

28.86 ± 6.14

28.68 ± 6.06

29.83 ± 6.49

0.013

Maternal age (years)

 < 19

49

3.8

43

3.9

6

2.9

0.081

 20–29

669

51.5

578

52.8

91

44.4

 30–34

313

24.1

258

23.6

55

26.8

 ≥35

269

20.7

216

19.7

53

25.9

Ethnicity

 Mestizo

1275

98.1

1074

98.1

201

98.0

0.974

 Other

25

1.9

21

1.9

4

2.0

Marital status

 Married or living with partner

1123

86.5

946

86.5

177

86.3

0.960

 Single or living alone/divorced

176

13.5

148

13.5

28

13.7

Educational Status (years)

12.17 ± 2.38

12.16 ± 2.39

12.25 ± 2.33

0.604

Maternal education (years)

 ≤6

39

3.0

34

3.1

5

2.4

0.743

 7–12

698

53.7

591

54.0

107

52.2

 > 12

563

43.3

470

42.9

93

45.4

Paternal education (years)

 ≤6

30

2.3

27

2.5

3

1.5

0.318

 7–12

727

56.4

620

57.0

107

53.0

 > 12

532

41.3

440

40.5

92

45.5

Employment

 No

881

67.8

733

66.9

148

72.2

0.140

 Yes

419

32.2

362

33.1

57

27.8

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

 < 25 (normal weight)

684

53.6

580

53.8

104

52.3

0.137

 25–29.9 (overweight)

446

34.9

382

35.4

64

32.2

 ≥30 (obese)

147

11.5

116

10.8

31

15.6

Mid-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

 < 25 (normal weight)

324

25.0

284

26.1

40

19.5

0.016

 25–29.9 (overweight)

653

50.5

553

50.8

100

48.8

 ≥30 (obese)

317

24.5

252

23.1

65

31.7

Family history of diabetes

 No/Don’t Know

834

64.2

720

65.8

114

114

0.005

 Yes

466

35.8

375

34.2

91

44.4

Depression

138

10.6

106

9.7

32

15.6

0.012

Perceived health during pregnancy

 Excellent

18

1.4

14

1.3

4

2.0

0.696

 Very Good

76

5.8

67

6.1

9

4.4

 Good

586

45.1

488

44.6

98

47.8

 Fair

568

43.7

483

44.1

85

41.5

 Poor

52

4.0

43

3.9

9

4.4

Difficulty paying for basics

 Very hard/hard

199

15.3

171

15.6

28

13.7

0.759

 Somewhat hard

441

34.0

369

33.8

72

35.1

 Not very hard

658

50.7

553

50.6

105

51.2

Food insecurity

 No

446

34.3

379

34.6

67

32.7

0.593

 Yes

854

65.7

716

65.4

138

67.3

Difficulties to access medical care

 Very hard/hard

248

19.1

207

18.9

41

20.0

0.728

 Somewhat hard

897

69.1

760

69.5

137

66.8

 Not very hard

154

11.9

127

11.6

27

13.2

  1. amean ± standard deviation
  2. Italicized p-values are statistically significant at α = 0.05