Characteristics | All participants (N = 1300) | No GDM (N = 1095) | GDM (N = 205) | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Maternal age (years)a | 28.86 ± 6.14 | 28.68 ± 6.06 | 29.83 ± 6.49 | 0.013 | |||
Maternal age (years) | |||||||
 < 19 | 49 | 3.8 | 43 | 3.9 | 6 | 2.9 | 0.081 |
 20–29 | 669 | 51.5 | 578 | 52.8 | 91 | 44.4 | |
 30–34 | 313 | 24.1 | 258 | 23.6 | 55 | 26.8 | |
 ≥35 | 269 | 20.7 | 216 | 19.7 | 53 | 25.9 | |
Ethnicity | |||||||
 Mestizo | 1275 | 98.1 | 1074 | 98.1 | 201 | 98.0 | 0.974 |
 Other | 25 | 1.9 | 21 | 1.9 | 4 | 2.0 | |
Marital status | |||||||
 Married or living with partner | 1123 | 86.5 | 946 | 86.5 | 177 | 86.3 | 0.960 |
 Single or living alone/divorced | 176 | 13.5 | 148 | 13.5 | 28 | 13.7 | |
Educational Status (years) | 12.17 ± 2.38 | 12.16 ± 2.39 | 12.25 ± 2.33 | 0.604 | |||
Maternal education (years) | |||||||
 ≤6 | 39 | 3.0 | 34 | 3.1 | 5 | 2.4 | 0.743 |
 7–12 | 698 | 53.7 | 591 | 54.0 | 107 | 52.2 | |
 > 12 | 563 | 43.3 | 470 | 42.9 | 93 | 45.4 | |
Paternal education (years) | |||||||
 ≤6 | 30 | 2.3 | 27 | 2.5 | 3 | 1.5 | 0.318 |
 7–12 | 727 | 56.4 | 620 | 57.0 | 107 | 53.0 | |
 > 12 | 532 | 41.3 | 440 | 40.5 | 92 | 45.5 | |
Employment | |||||||
 No | 881 | 67.8 | 733 | 66.9 | 148 | 72.2 | 0.140 |
 Yes | 419 | 32.2 | 362 | 33.1 | 57 | 27.8 | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
 < 25 (normal weight) | 684 | 53.6 | 580 | 53.8 | 104 | 52.3 | 0.137 |
 25–29.9 (overweight) | 446 | 34.9 | 382 | 35.4 | 64 | 32.2 | |
 ≥30 (obese) | 147 | 11.5 | 116 | 10.8 | 31 | 15.6 | |
Mid-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
 < 25 (normal weight) | 324 | 25.0 | 284 | 26.1 | 40 | 19.5 | 0.016 |
 25–29.9 (overweight) | 653 | 50.5 | 553 | 50.8 | 100 | 48.8 | |
 ≥30 (obese) | 317 | 24.5 | 252 | 23.1 | 65 | 31.7 | |
Family history of diabetes | |||||||
 No/Don’t Know | 834 | 64.2 | 720 | 65.8 | 114 | 114 | 0.005 |
 Yes | 466 | 35.8 | 375 | 34.2 | 91 | 44.4 | |
Depression | 138 | 10.6 | 106 | 9.7 | 32 | 15.6 | 0.012 |
Perceived health during pregnancy | |||||||
 Excellent | 18 | 1.4 | 14 | 1.3 | 4 | 2.0 | 0.696 |
 Very Good | 76 | 5.8 | 67 | 6.1 | 9 | 4.4 | |
 Good | 586 | 45.1 | 488 | 44.6 | 98 | 47.8 | |
 Fair | 568 | 43.7 | 483 | 44.1 | 85 | 41.5 | |
 Poor | 52 | 4.0 | 43 | 3.9 | 9 | 4.4 | |
Difficulty paying for basics | |||||||
 Very hard/hard | 199 | 15.3 | 171 | 15.6 | 28 | 13.7 | 0.759 |
 Somewhat hard | 441 | 34.0 | 369 | 33.8 | 72 | 35.1 | |
 Not very hard | 658 | 50.7 | 553 | 50.6 | 105 | 51.2 | |
Food insecurity | |||||||
 No | 446 | 34.3 | 379 | 34.6 | 67 | 32.7 | 0.593 |
 Yes | 854 | 65.7 | 716 | 65.4 | 138 | 67.3 | |
Difficulties to access medical care | |||||||
 Very hard/hard | 248 | 19.1 | 207 | 18.9 | 41 | 20.0 | 0.728 |
 Somewhat hard | 897 | 69.1 | 760 | 69.5 | 137 | 66.8 | |
 Not very hard | 154 | 11.9 | 127 | 11.6 | 27 | 13.2 |