Could a remarkable decrease in leptin and insulin levels from colostrum to mature milk contribute to early growth catch-up of SGA infants?

Table 2 Breast Milk leptin, adiponectin and insulin concentrations at colostrum and mature milk according to groups

	GDM Median (25-75th)	HTN Median (25-75th)	SMS Median (25-75th)	SGA Median (25-75th)	CTL Median (25-75th)	p
Leptin, C (ng/mL)	0.668 (0.447–1.305)	0.970 (0.522–1.065)	0.599 (0.349–0.998)	0.641 (0.357–0.809)	0.813 (0.416–1.265)	0.715
Leptin, MM (ng/mL)	0.460 (0.450–0.702)	0.493 (0.485–0.591)	0.544 (0.443–0.800)	0.377 (0.357–0.412)*******	0.715 (0.485–0.902)*******	0.031**
p	1.000	0.655	0.753	0.050*	0.234
Adiponectin, C (ng/mL)	10.230 (5.630–22.650)	20.880 (16.010–24.062)***	13.110 (10.090–18.040)	14.370 (8.535–21.465)	8.790 (6.902–11.352)***	0.015**
Adiponectin, MM (ng/mL)	12.430 (6.900–14.870)	14.710 (11.310–14.850)	10.190 (8.350–11.670)	9.990 (5.165–19.208)	9.870 (6.330–11.495)	0.754
p	0.109	0.180	0.112	0.123	0.959
Insulin, C (μU/mL)	49.370 (25.700–176.540)	116.040 (66.315–154.325)	46.300 (26.960–121.950)	60.485 (18.322–103.597)	55.035 (11.567–162.642)	1.000
Insulin, MM (μU/mL)	22.830 (16.330–60.430)	26.000 (19.560–33.770)	22.800 (16.075–45.980)	16.665 (12.172–22.615)	22.030 (13.295–32.205)	0.330
p	0.273	0.180	0.084	0.012*	0.041*

*p ≤ 0.05, Wilcoxon test for paired data; **p ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test between groups; ***p ≤ 0.05, Games–Howell post-hoc test. (C): colostrum; (MM): mature milk; GDM: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; HTN: Gestational Hypertension; SMS: Smoking; SGA: Small-for-gestational-age; CTL: Control

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