Skip to main content

Table 1 Socioeconomic and maternal characteristics in each group

From: Could a remarkable decrease in leptin and insulin levels from colostrum to mature milk contribute to early growth catch-up of SGA infants?

 

GDM

(12)

HTN

(5)

SMS

(19)

SGA

(12)

CTL

(21)

p

Race, n (%)

 White

6 (50.0)

5 (100)

11 (57.9)

3 (25.0)

12 (57.1)

0.720

Marital situation, n (%)

 With a partner

11 (91.7)

4 (80.0)

16 (84.2)

10 (83.3)

16 (76.2)

0.853

Education Level, n (%)

 ≤ 8 years

2 (16.7)

2 (40.0)

8 (44.4)

4 (33.3)

10 (52.6)

 

 9–11 years

10 (83.3)

3 (60.0)

10 (65.6)

8 (66.7)

9 (47.4)

0.358

Social Classa, n (%)

 B

2 (18.2)

3 (60.0)

4 (21.1)

3 (25.0)

7 (33.3)

 

 C

9 (81.8)

1 (20.0)

14 (73.7)

7 (58.3)

10 (47.6)

0.296

 D

0 (0)

1 (20.0)

1 (5.3)

2 (16.7)

4 (19.0)

 

 Age (years), x (SD)

26.64 (5.75)

27.81 (11.22)

26.28 (5.96)

22.35 (5.64)

27.54 (7.49)

0.303

Mode of delivery, n (%)

 Cesarean

5 (41.7)

3 (60.0)

5 (26.3)

2 (16.7)

5 (23.8)

0.343

Maternal BMI (Kg/m2), x (SD)

 Pre-gestational

27.38 (5.72)**

26.82 (2.86)

23.90 (4.83)

21.09 (3.46)**

25.07 (5.73)

0.037*

 At birth

31.86 (6.14)**

32.31 (4.06)**

30.24 (5,30)**

24.66 (2.77)**

30.95 (5.05)**

0.004*

 At 1 month post-natal

28.26 (6.42)

29.57 (2.69)

26.62 (4.61)

22.32 (2.30)**

29.70 (5.57)**

0.020*

  1. There were no statistically significant differences across groups in socioeconomic characteristics (p > 0.05 for chi-square test [categorical data] and Kruskal–Wallis test [continuous data]). Maternal BMI data: *p ≤ 0.05, ANOVA test between groups; **p ≤ 0.05, Tukey post-hoc test. a Socioeconomic class assigned as per the Brazilian Economic Classification Criterion. SD: Standard Deviation; BMI: Body Mass Index; GDM: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; HTN: Gestational Hypertension; SMS: Smoking; SGA: Small-for-gestational-age; CTL: Control