Characteristics | EDHS-2005 | EDHS-2008 | EDHS-2014 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Socio-demographic | ||||||
Age at last birth (Ref: ≥35 yrs) | ||||||
30–34 | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.83 (0.61–1.11) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 0.77 (0.61–0.95)* |
25–29 | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.47 (0.35–0.65)*** | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.72 (0.55–0.95)** | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 0.54 (0.44–0.66)*** |
19–24 | 0.70 (0.59–0.83)*** | 0.31 (0.22–0.42)*** | 0.70 (0.59–0.83)*** | 0.41 (0.31–0.55)*** | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 0.41 (0.31–0.55)*** |
≤ 18 | 0.58 (0.44–0.78)*** | 0.26 (0.16–0.50)*** | 0.63 (0.47–0.85)*** | 0.37 (0.23–0.60)*** | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.33 (0.23–0.47)*** |
Socioeconomic status (Ref: low) | ||||||
Medium | 1.40 (1.18–1.67)*** | 1.55 (1.07–2.24)* | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | 1.29 (1.13–1.47)*** | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) |
High | 2.0 (1.72–2.32)*** | 1.78 (1.25–2.54)** | 1.57 (1.35–1.83)*** | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 1.83 (1.63–2.07)*** | 0.97 (0.85–1.12) |
Lifetime parity (Ref: multipara with ≥4 children) | ||||||
Multipara with 2–3 children | 1.31 (1.14–1.50)*** | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) | 1.38 (1.19–1.59)*** | 1.41 (1.08–1.84)* | 2.13 (1.89–2.41)*** | 1.52 (1.27–1.81)*** |
Primigravidas | 1.47 (1.23–1.71)*** | 2.91 (2.11–4.00)*** | 1.57 (1.34–1.83)*** | 3.88 (2.83–5.33)*** | 1.48 (1.34–1.64)*** | 5.57 (4.46–6.97)*** |
FGMa (Ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | 0.57 (0.46–0.72)*** | 0.69 (0.51–0.94)* | 0.57 (0.45–0.71)*** | 0.61 (0.44–0.84)** | 0.71 (0.61–0.82)*** | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) |
BMI (Ref: normal 18.5–24.9) | ||||||
High risk (<18.5, ≥25) | 1.46 (1.28–1.67)*** | 1.27 (1.02–1.59)* | 1.26 (1.11–1.42)*** | 1.38 (1.13–1.77)** | 1.25 (1.13–1.38)*** | 1.44 (1.24–1.69)*** |
Spatial | ||||||
Residence (Ref: urban) | ||||||
Rural | 0.68 (0.61–0.76)*** | 0.78 (0.09–6.56) | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)*** | 0.66 (0.12–3.52) | 0.77 (0.71–0.84)*** | 0.73 (0.19–2.68) |
Region (Ref: urban governorates) | ||||||
Urban-Lower Egypt | 2.07 (1.20–3.56)** | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 1.93 (1.19–3.15)** | 1.08 (0.81–1.43) | 1.93 (1.26–2.96)** | 1.16 (0.91–1.47) |
Rural-Lower Egypt | 2.21 (1.27–3.83)** | 0.99 (0.12–8.35) | 2.29 (1.39–3.75)** | 1.40 (0.26–7.61) | 2.62 (1.70–4.04)*** | 1.08 (0.29–4.00) |
Urban-Upper Egypt | 1.45 (0.85–2.49) | 0.50 (0.38–0.67) | 1.49 (0.92–2.41) | 0.90 (0.68–1.17) | 1.81 (1.19–2.74)** | 0.62 (0.49–0.77)*** |
Rural-Upper Egypt | 1.17 (0.67–2.03) | 0.90 (0.10–7.66) | 1.68 (1.02–2.76)* | 1.27 (0.23–6.92) | 1.28 (0.84–1.97) | 0.74 (0.20–2.75) |
Frontier governorates | 0.87 (0.51–1.51) | 0.47 (0.18–1.22) | 1.26 (0.77–2.05) | 0.56 (0.25–1.25) | 0.95 (0.62–1.44) | 0.69 (0.33–2.74) |
Newborn characteristics | ||||||
Birth weight (Ref: high risk <2,500, ≥4,000) | ||||||
Normal 2,500–3,999 | 0.75 (0.64–0.90)** | 0.76 (0.63–0.91)** | 0.67 (0.56–0.81)*** | 0.65 (0.54–0.79)*** | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.86 (0.75–0.98)* |
Birth multiplicity (Ref: multiple) | ||||||
Singleton | 0.51 (0.38–0.68)*** | 0.44 (0.30–0.65)** | 0.67 (0.48–0.92)* | 0.50 (0.32–0.781)** | 0.52 (0.39–0.70)*** | 0.46 (0.32–0.66)*** |
Previous birth c-sectionb (Ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | 66.3 (44.3–99.2)*** | 113 (58.4–218)*** | 61.4 (39.6–95.1)*** | 114.4 (55.3–236)*** | 69.4 (47.9–100)*** | 123.3 (71.9–211)*** |
Primigravidas | 1.87 (1.64–2.10)*** | 2.76 (2.23–3.41)*** | 1.90 (47.9–100)*** | 2.83 (2.30–3.49)*** | 2.64 (2.38–2.91)*** | 3.82 (3.27–4.46)*** |
Institutional | ||||||
ANC (Ref: no visits) | ||||||
1–3 visits | 1.56 (1.24–2.00)*** | 1.58 (1.01–2.47)** | 1.20 (0.93–1.56) | 1.18 (0.76–1.85) | 1.28 (1.04–1.60)* | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) |
≥ 4 visits | 2.48 (2.11–2.90)*** | 1.64 (1.21–2.23)** | 1.77 (1.52–2.06)*** | 1.51 (1.17–1.94)** | 2.45 (2.10–2.90)*** | 1.31 (1.01–1.70)* |
Place of delivery (Ref: public) | ||||||
Private sector | 1.26 (1.13–1.40)*** | 1.36 (1.14–1.62)** | 1.39 (1.26–1.55)*** | 1.40 (1.17–1.66)*** | 2.16 (1.98–2.36)*** | 1.96 (1.72–2.23)*** |