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Table 4 Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression for the association between institutional-based c-section as dependent variable and measured characteristics by the survey round

From: Trend of caesarean deliveries in Egypt and its associated factors: evidence from national surveys, 2005–2014

Characteristics

EDHS-2005

EDHS-2008

EDHS-2014

OR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

Socio-demographic

Age at last birth (Ref: ≥35 yrs)

 30–34

0.93 (0.77–1.12)

0.77 (0.57–1.04)

0.93 (0.77–1.12)

0.83 (0.61–1.11)

1.00 (0.86–1.17)

0.77 (0.61–0.95)*

 25–29

0.85 (0.71–1.01)

0.47 (0.35–0.65)***

0.85 (0.71–1.01)

0.72 (0.55–0.95)**

0.97 (0.84–1.11)

0.54 (0.44–0.66)***

 19–24

0.70 (0.59–0.83)***

0.31 (0.22–0.42)***

0.70 (0.59–0.83)***

0.41 (0.31–0.55)***

0.98 (0.85–1.13)

0.41 (0.31–0.55)***

  ≤ 18

0.58 (0.44–0.78)***

0.26 (0.16–0.50)***

0.63 (0.47–0.85)***

0.37 (0.23–0.60)***

0.90 (0.71–1.15)

0.33 (0.23–0.47)***

Socioeconomic status (Ref: low)

 Medium

1.40 (1.18–1.67)***

1.55 (1.07–2.24)*

1.08 (0.91–1.29)

0.79 (0.58–1.07)

1.29 (1.13–1.47)***

0.98 (0.80–1.21)

 High

2.0 (1.72–2.32)***

1.78 (1.25–2.54)**

1.57 (1.35–1.83)***

0.77 (0.57–1.04)

1.83 (1.63–2.07)***

0.97 (0.85–1.12)

Lifetime parity (Ref: multipara with ≥4 children)

 Multipara with 2–3 children

1.31 (1.14–1.50)***

1.06 (0.81–1.38)

1.38 (1.19–1.59)***

1.41 (1.08–1.84)*

2.13 (1.89–2.41)***

1.52 (1.27–1.81)***

 Primigravidas

1.47 (1.23–1.71)***

2.91 (2.11–4.00)***

1.57 (1.34–1.83)***

3.88 (2.83–5.33)***

1.48 (1.34–1.64)***

5.57 (4.46–6.97)***

FGMa (Ref: no)

 Yes

0.57 (0.46–0.72)***

0.69 (0.51–0.94)*

0.57 (0.45–0.71)***

0.61 (0.44–0.84)**

0.71 (0.61–0.82)***

0.93 (0.76–1.13)

BMI (Ref: normal 18.5–24.9)

 High risk (<18.5, ≥25)

1.46 (1.28–1.67)***

1.27 (1.02–1.59)*

1.26 (1.11–1.42)***

1.38 (1.13–1.77)**

1.25 (1.13–1.38)***

1.44 (1.24–1.69)***

Spatial

Residence (Ref: urban)

 Rural

0.68 (0.61–0.76)***

0.78 (0.09–6.56)

0.73 (0.66–0.81)***

0.66 (0.12–3.52)

0.77 (0.71–0.84)***

0.73 (0.19–2.68)

Region (Ref: urban governorates)

 Urban-Lower Egypt

2.07 (1.20–3.56)**

0.94 (0.73–1.21)

1.93 (1.19–3.15)**

1.08 (0.81–1.43)

1.93 (1.26–2.96)**

1.16 (0.91–1.47)

 Rural-Lower Egypt

2.21 (1.27–3.83)**

0.99 (0.12–8.35)

2.29 (1.39–3.75)**

1.40 (0.26–7.61)

2.62 (1.70–4.04)***

1.08 (0.29–4.00)

 Urban-Upper Egypt

1.45 (0.85–2.49)

0.50 (0.38–0.67)

1.49 (0.92–2.41)

0.90 (0.68–1.17)

1.81 (1.19–2.74)**

0.62 (0.49–0.77)***

 Rural-Upper Egypt

1.17 (0.67–2.03)

0.90 (0.10–7.66)

1.68 (1.02–2.76)*

1.27 (0.23–6.92)

1.28 (0.84–1.97)

0.74 (0.20–2.75)

 Frontier governorates

0.87 (0.51–1.51)

0.47 (0.18–1.22)

1.26 (0.77–2.05)

0.56 (0.25–1.25)

0.95 (0.62–1.44)

0.69 (0.33–2.74)

Newborn characteristics

Birth weight (Ref: high risk <2,500, ≥4,000)

 Normal 2,500–3,999

0.75 (0.64–0.90)**

0.76 (0.63–0.91)**

0.67 (0.56–0.81)***

0.65 (0.54–0.79)***

0.92 (0.81–1.04)

0.86 (0.75–0.98)*

Birth multiplicity (Ref: multiple)

 Singleton

0.51 (0.38–0.68)***

0.44 (0.30–0.65)**

0.67 (0.48–0.92)*

0.50 (0.32–0.781)**

0.52 (0.39–0.70)***

0.46 (0.32–0.66)***

Previous birth c-sectionb (Ref: no)

 Yes

66.3 (44.3–99.2)***

113 (58.4–218)***

61.4 (39.6–95.1)***

114.4 (55.3–236)***

69.4 (47.9–100)***

123.3 (71.9–211)***

 Primigravidas

1.87 (1.64–2.10)***

2.76 (2.23–3.41)***

1.90 (47.9–100)***

2.83 (2.30–3.49)***

2.64 (2.38–2.91)***

3.82 (3.27–4.46)***

Institutional

ANC (Ref: no visits)

 1–3 visits

1.56 (1.24–2.00)***

1.58 (1.01–2.47)**

1.20 (0.93–1.56)

1.18 (0.76–1.85)

1.28 (1.04–1.60)*

0.87 (0.61–1.24)

  ≥ 4 visits

2.48 (2.11–2.90)***

1.64 (1.21–2.23)**

1.77 (1.52–2.06)***

1.51 (1.17–1.94)**

2.45 (2.10–2.90)***

1.31 (1.01–1.70)*

Place of delivery (Ref: public)

 Private sector

1.26 (1.13–1.40)***

1.36 (1.14–1.62)**

1.39 (1.26–1.55)***

1.40 (1.17–1.66)***

2.16 (1.98–2.36)***

1.96 (1.72–2.23)***

  1. Number of cases included in multivariate models was only 12,894 (9236 children were not weighted and 64 mothers did not report on the ANC visits)
  2. OR: odds ratio, aOR: adjusted odds ratio (for all covariates under analysis), CI: confidence interval, ANC: antenatal care
  3. a female genital mutilation, b previous birth occurred within the past five years
  4. * P < 0.05, ** P = 0.001, *** P < 0.001