EDHS-2005 N = 6517 | EDHS-2008 N = 5713 | P-value a | EDHS-2014 N = 9964 | P-value b | Absolute difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-section, % | C-section, % | C-section, % | (% in 2014–% in 2005 | |||
Socio-demographic | ||||||
Age at last birth | ||||||
≥ 35 | 37.2 | 44.3 | 0.007 | 62.4 | <0.001 | 25.2 |
30–34 | 35.5 | 43.1 | <0.001 | 62.4 | <0.001 | 26.9 |
25–29 | 33.6 | 42.3 | <0.001 | 61.5 | <0.001 | 27.9 |
19–24 | 29.2 | 37.1 | <0.001 | 61.8 | <0.001 | 32.6 |
≤ 18 | 25.8 | 33.6 | 0.038 | 59.9 | <0.001 | 34.1 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.903 | |||
Socioeconomic status | ||||||
Low | 22.7 | 33.5 | <0.001 | 51.6 | <0.001 | 28.9 |
Medium | 29.2 | 35.2 | 0.001 | 57.9 | <0.001 | 28.7 |
High | 37.0 | 44.2 | <0.001 | 66.1 | <0.001 | 29.1 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Lifetime parity | ||||||
Multipara with ≥4 children | 27.3 | 33.3 | 0.001 | 52.2 | <0.001 | 24.9 |
Multipara with 2–3 children | 32.9 | 40.8 | <0.001 | 61.8 | <0.001 | 28.9 |
Primigravidas | 35.6 | 43.9 | <0.001 | 70.0 | <0.001 | 34.4 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
FGMc | ||||||
No | 44.8 | 53.5 | 0.027 | 68.9 | <0.001 | 24.1 |
Yes | 31.8 | 39.5 | <0.001 | 61.1 | <0.001 | 29.3 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Missing | 5 | 0 | 3 | |||
BMI | ||||||
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 26.2 | 36.3 | <0.001 | 57.6 | <0.001 | 31.4 |
High risk (<18.5, ≥25) | 34.2 | 41.6 | <0.001 | 62.8 | <0.001 | 28.6 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Missing | 69 | 41 | 80 | |||
Spatial | ||||||
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 36.8 | 44.5 | <0.001 | 65.8 | <0.001 | 29.0 |
Rural | 28.4 | 36.9 | <0.001 | 59.7 | <0.001 | 31.3 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Region | ||||||
Urban governorates | 40.4 | 44.6 | 0.034 | 67.3 | <0.001 | 26.9 |
Urban-Lower Egypt | 42.0 | 48.8 | 0.008 | 73.6 | <0.001 | 31.6 |
Rural-Lower Egypt | 32.3 | 38.4 | <0.001 | 65.8 | <0.001 | 33.5 |
Urban-Upper Egypt | 27.6 | 41.2 | <0.001 | 57.8 | <0.001 | 30.2 |
Rural-Upper Egypt | 22.2 | 34.4 | <0.001 | 50.2 | <0.001 | 28.0 |
Frontier governorates | 24.7 | 28.9 | 0.550 | 51.6 | 0.002 | 26.9 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Newborn characteristics | ||||||
Birth weight | ||||||
Normal (2,500–3,999) | 35.1 | 41.4 | <0.001 | 65.2 | <0.001 | 30.1 |
High risk (<2,500, ≥4,000) | 41.6 | 51.1 | 0.001 | 67.1 | <0.001 | 25.5 |
P-value b | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.182 | |||
Not weighted/Missing | 3272 | 2648 | 3317 | |||
Birth multiplicity | ||||||
Singleton birth | 32.0 | 40.1 | <0.001 | 61.5 | <0.001 | 29.5 |
Multiple birth | 48.0 | 50.0 | 0.709 | 75.2 | <0.001 | 27.2 |
P-value b | <0.001 | 0.016 | <0.001 | |||
Mode of delivery in relation to the previous birthd | ||||||
Primigravidas mother | 32.9 | 40.8 | <0.001 | 61.4 | <0.001 | 28.5 |
Vaginal after caesarean | – | – | – | – | – | |
Repeated caesarean | – | – | – | – | – | |
Repeated vaginal | – | – | – | – | – | |
C-section after vaginal | – | – | – | – | – | |
Institutional | ||||||
Antenatal care visits | ||||||
No visits | 18.8 | 30.1 | <0.001 | 42.4 | <0.001 | 23.6 |
1–3 | 26.7 | 34.1 | 0.019 | 48.6 | <0.001 | 21.9 |
≥ 4 | 36.4 | 43.3 | <0.001 | 64.4 | <0.001 | 28.0 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Don’t know/missing | 40 | 41 | 36 | |||
Place of delivery | ||||||
Public sector | 29.4 | 35.4 | <0.001 | 48.5 | <0.001 | 19.1 |
Private sector | 34.4 | 43.2 | <0.001 | 67.0 | <0.001 | 32.6 |
P-value b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |