Table 2 Overview of maternal characteristics, prevalence of analgesic use and associations between maternal characteristics and analgesic use
| Â | Study sample | Prevalence of analgesic use | Associations between possible predictors and analgesic use | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n (% of n) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Maternal age at delivery | ||||
  < 25 | 165 | 77 (46.7) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
 25–30 | 588 | 304 (51.7) | ||
 31–35 | 768 | 385 (50.1) | ||
  > 35 | 446 | 205 (46.0) | ||
Parity | ||||
 First time mother | 988 | 450 (45.6) | 1 | 1 |
  ≥ 1 previous child | 993 | 527 (53.1) | 1.37 (1.13–1.65) | 1.38(1.11–1.72) |
Marital status | ||||
 Married/cohabiting | 1910 | 947 (49.6) | 1 | 1 |
 Single/divorced/separated | 44 | 19 (43.2) | 0.74 (0.40–1.39) | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) |
Education | ||||
 College/university | 1294 | 609 (47.1) | 1 | 1 |
 Primary/secondary school | 606 | 332 (54.8) | 1.27 (1.04–1.56) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) |
Smoking at time of delivery | ||||
 No | 1841 | 893 (48.5) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 76 | 52 (68.4) | 2.25 (1.35–3.75) | 1.89 (1.09–3.28) |
Alcohol in pregnancy | ||||
 No | 1866 | 918 (49.2) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 82 | 46 (56.1) | 1.41 (0.87–2.28) | 1.60 (0.95–2.69) |
Symptoms of depression or anxiety in pregnancy | ||||
 No | 1684 | 806 (47.9) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 291 | 170 (58.4) | 1.41 (1.07–1.84) | 0.86 (0.63–1.18) |
Chronic diseases | ||||
 None | 831 | 381 (45.8) | 1 | 1 |
 1 disease | 747 | 368 (49.3) | 1.10 (0.89–1.35) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) |
  ≥ 2 diseases | 392 | 223 (56.9) | 1.45 (1.12–1.88) | 1.36 (1.03–1.79) |
Pregnancy related diseases | ||||
 None | 1777 | 878 (49.4) | 1 | 1 |
  ≥ 1 disease | 191 | 93 (48.7) | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) | 0.86 (0–62–1.21) |
Somatic symptoms | ||||
 None | 182 | 59 (32.4) | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) |
 1–2 symptoms | 729 | 329 (45.1) | ||
 3–4 symptoms | 658 | 339 (51.5) | ||
  ≥ 5 symptoms | 412 | 250 (60.7) | ||
Headache intensity | ||||
 Low | 741 | 257 (34.7) | 1.42 (1.33–1.50) | 1.33 (1.25–1.43) |
 Moderate | 979 | 593 (60.6) | ||
 High | 183 | 120 (65.6) | ||
Migraine pattern | ||||
 No history | 1362 | 596 (43.8) | 1 | 1 |
 Previous history | 227 | 120 (52.9) | 1.36 (1.01–1.83) | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) |
 Recent history prior to pregnancy | 262 | 172 (65.6) | 2.33 (1.74–3.13) | 1.59 (1.16–2.18) |
 Migraine in pregnancy | 100 | 72 (72.0) | 3.35 (2.07–5.41) | 1.56 (0.93–2.63) |