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Table 3 Utilisation of maternal health services during previous pregnancy

From: Personal and environmental factors associated with the utilisation of maternity waiting homes in rural Zambia

Variable

Mean (SD)/n (%)

P value

Total sample (N = 340)

MWHs (N = 203)

No MWHs (N = 137)

 

ANC use (%)

 Yes

339 (99.7%)

203 (100%)

136 (99.3%)

.06

 No

1 (0.3%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.7%)

 ANC booking in months/gestational age (M, SD)

4.33 (1.33)

4.34 (1.26)

4.32 (1.42)

.10

 Number of ANC visits (M,SD)

3.76 (1.01)

3.76 (0.99)

3.74 (1.04)

.96

Any complications during pregnancy and ANC (N, %)

 Yes

80 (23.5%)

52 (25.6%)

28 (20.4%)

.27

 No

260 (76.5%)

151 (74.4%)

109 (79.6%)

Type of complications during pregnancy (N, %)

 PV bleeding

13 (3.8%)

10 (4.9%)

3 (2.2%)

.60

 Abdominal pain

36 (10.6%)

21 (10.3%)

15 (10.9%)

 Abnormal lie

7 (2.1%)

5 (2.5%)

2 (1.5%)

 High Blood Pressure

15 (4.4%)

9 (4.4%)

6 (4.4%)

 High blood sugar level

1 (0.3%)

1 (0.5%)

0 (0%)

 Baby not growing well

3 (0.9%)

2 (1.0%)

1 (0.7%)

 Baby dead in the uterus

5 (1.5%)

5 (2.5%)

0 (%)

 No complication

260 (76.5%)

151 (74.4%)

110 (80.3%)

Place of delivery (N, %)

 Home

57 (16.8%)

19 (9.3%)

38 (27.7%)

<.001

 Health Centre or hospital

271 (79.7%)

179 (88.2%)

92 (67.2%)

 On the way

12 (3.5%)

5 (2.5%)

7 (5.1%)

MWH present at health centre of delivery (N, %)

 Yes

251 (78.8%)

173 (85.2%)

78 (56.9%)

<.001

 No

20 (5.95%)

6 (1.8%)

14 (4.1%)

 Delivered at home or on the way to the health centre

69 (20.3%)

24 (7.1%)

45 (13.2%)

Stay at the health centre before delivery (N, %)

 Yes

98 (28.8%)

66 (32.5%)

32 (23.4%)

.04

 No

242 (71.2)%

137 (67.5%)

105 (76.6%)

Place of stay before delivery (N, %)

 Ward

20 (5.9%)

10 (4.9%)

10 (7.3%)

.02

 MWH

78 (22.9%)

56 (27.6%)

22 (16.1%)

 Stayed at home or delivered on the way

242 (71.2%)

137 (67.5%)

105 (76.6%)

Reasons for staying at the health centre before delivery (N, %)

 Long distances

17 (5%)

6 (3.0%)

11 (8.0%)

.006

 Lack of transport

1 (0.3%)

0(0.00%)

1 (0.7%)

 Fear of complications

49 (14.4%)

38 (18.7%)

11 (8.0%)

 History of complications

4 (1.2%)

2 (1.0%)

2 (1.5%)

 Advised by nurse

22 (6.5%)

18 (8.9%)

4 (2.9%)

 Just decided to stay

6 (1.7%)

2 (1.0%)

3 (2.2%)

Stayed at home or delivered on the way

242 (71.2%)

137 (67.5%)

105 (76.6%)

 Birth attendant (N, %)

 Doctor

33 (9.7%)

22 (10.8%)

11 (8.0%)

<.001

 Clinical Officer

13 (3.8%)

11 (5.4%)

2 (1.5%)

 Nurse

222 (65.3%)

144 (70.9%)

78 (56.9%)

 TBAs

18 (5.3%)

9 (4.4)

9 (6.6%)

 Family member/neighbour

54 (15.9%)

17 (8.4%) 7 (3.4)

37 (27.0%)

 Duration of stay at the health centre before delivery (M, SD)

 

9.06 (10.93)

4.91 (6.74)

.02

Complications during or after delivery

 Yes

70 (20.6%)

48 (23.6%)

22 (16.1%)

.09

 No

270 (79.4%)

155 (76.4%)

115 (83.9%)

Type of complication during or after delivery (N, %)

 Bleeding

41 (12.1%)

29 (14.3%)

12 (8.8%)

.44

.44

 Retained placenta

2 (0.6%)

1 (0.5%)

1 (0.7%)

 High Blood Pressure

2 (0.6%)

2 (1.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 Fitting

3 (0.9%)

1 (0.5%)

2 (1.5%)

 Obstructed labour

13 (3.8%)

7 (3.4%)

6 (4.4%)

 Ruptured uterus

1 (0.3%)

1 (0.5%)

0 (0.0%)

 Caesarian section

5 (1.5%)

4 (2.0%)

1 (0.7%)

 Baby died

2 (0.6%)

2 (1.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 Had no complications

270 (79.4%)

155 (76.4%)

115 (83.9%)

 Duration of stay at the health centre after delivery in hours (M, SD)

13.60 (20.29)

14.31 (21.50)

12.18 (17.66)

.58

 Age of child at first PNC visit in days (M, SD)

7.43 (4.90)

7.13 (4.80)

7.90 (5.05)

.17