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Table 4 Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with unassisted vaginal delivery, elective cesarean section (CS), emergency cesarean section (CS) and operative vaginal delivery

From: Elective cesarean section or not? Maternal age and risk of adverse outcomes at term: a population-based registry study of low-risk primiparous women

  

unassisted vaginal delivery

Elective CS

Emergency CS

Operative vaginal delivery

Elective CS

Emergency CS

Operative vaginal delivery

  

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

RRRc (95 % CI)

RRRadj a (95 % CI)

RRRc (95 % CI)

RRRadj a (95 % CI)

RRRc (95 % CI)

RRRadj a (95 % CI)

  

6299 (57.3.0)

373 (3.4)

1858 (16.9)

2469 (22.4)

      

PPH 500-1500

2008

764 (12.1)

103 (27.6)

591 (31.8)

550 (22.3)

2.76 (2.18-3.51)

2.97 (2.31-3.83)

3.38 (2.99-3.82)

3.23 (2.84-3.67)

2.08 (1.84-2.34)

2.01 (1.77-.2.27)

PPH > 1500 ml

198

90 (1.4)

8 (2.1)

35 (1.9)

65 (2.6)

1.51 (0.73-3.14)

1.63 (0.75-3.55)

1.32 (0.89-1.96)

1.16 (0.77-1.74)

1.87 (1.35-2.58)

1.73 (1.25-2.41)

ICU

26

7 (0.1)

1 (0.3)

6 (0.3)

12 (0.5)

2.42 (0.30-19.69)

1.13 (0.12-11.05)

2.91 (0.98-8.68)

2.62 (0.84-8.14)

4.39 (1.73-11.16)

4.26 (1.65-10.96)

Apgar < 7

202

64 (1.0)

1 (0.3)

66 (3.6)

71 (2.9)

0.26 (0.04-1.89)

0.28 (0.04-2.06)

3.59 (2.53-5.08)

3.69 (2.57-5.31)

2.88 (2.05-4.06)

2.94 (2.08-4.17)

Apgar < 4

58

24 (0.4)

0

14 (0.8)

20 (0.8)

0.00

 

1.98 (1.02-3.84)

2.30 (1.14-4.62)

2.13 (1.18-3.87)

2.41 (1.30-4.47)

NICU

796

282 (4.5)

16 (4.3)

249 (13.4)

249 (10.1)

0.96 (0.58-1.61)

0.86 (0.50-1.46)

3.30 (2.76-3.95)

3.40 (2.82-4.10)

2.40 (2.01-2.86)

2.45 (2.05-2.94)

Respiratory

238

82 (1.3)

5 (1.3)

79 (4.3)

72 (2.9)

1.03 (0.42-2.56)

0.94 (0.36-2.46)

3.37 (2.46-4.61)

3.59 (2.59-4.97)

2.27 (1.65-3.14)

2.35 (1.70-3.25)

Cerebral

114

34 (0.5)

1 (0.3)

37 (2.0)

42 (1.7)

0.50 (0.07-3.63)

0.50 (0.06-3.86)

3.74 (2.34-5.98)

3.52 (2.17-5.71)

3.19 (2.02-5.02)

3.00 (1.89-4.76)

Infection

401

154 (2.4)

4 (1.1)

121 (6.5)

122 (4.9)

0.43 (0.16-1.17)

0.43 (0.16-1.19)

2.78 (2.18-3.55)

2.92 (2.27-3.77)

2.07 (1.63-2.64)

2.13 (1.67-2.73)

  1. RRRc crude relative risk ratio, RRRadj adjusted relative risk ratio, ICU Intensive care unit, NICU Neonatal intensive care unit
  2. Unassisted vaginal delivery is the reference mode of delivery (primipara ≥ 35 years, low-risk, ≥ 37 weeks of gestation, 19999 − 2009, n = 10,999)
  3. aAdjusted for year of delivery, country, hospital size, gestational age and maternal age