Table 4 Client reports of disrespect and abuse

Any form of disrespect or abuse

278(15)

50(70)

<0.001

 Physical abuse

84(5)

33 (52)

<0.001

   Kicked

2(0.1)

1(1)

0.03

   Pinched

22(1)

3(5)

0.02

   Slapped

23(1)

17(27)

<0.001

   Pushed

12(0.6)

4(6)

<0.001

   Beaten

4(0.2)

5(8)

<0.001

   Episiotomy without anesthesia

1(0.1)

1(2)

<0.001

   Tied to the delivery bed

2(0.1)

0 (0)

0.80

   Other

17(0.9)

9(14)

<0.001

 Non-consented care

4(0.2)

3(5)

<0.001

   Abdominal Palpation

2(0.1)

0 (0)

0.79

   Vaginal Examination

4(0.2)

1(2)

0.35

   Episiotomy

0(0)

1(1)

<0.001

   Other

0 (0)

1(2)

<0.001

 Non-confidential care

32(2)

34 (54)

<0.001

   Discussed personal issues in earshot of other clients

1(0.1)

1(2)

0.004

   Health information discussed with non-health staff

0(0)

2(3)

<0.001

   Other

0(0)

0(0)

0.79

 Lack of Privacy

35(2)

34(53)

<0.001

   No screens blocking view during delivery or examination

16(0.8)

29(45)

<0.001

   Uncovered during delivery or examination

17(0.9)

31(48)

<0.001

 Non-dignified care

121(6)

34(53)

<0.001

   Shouted at

35(2)

24(38)

<0.001

   Scolded

90(5)

16(25)

<0.001

   Threatened to withhold services

1(0.1)

1(2)

0.04

   Called by insulting name

3(0.2)

0(0)

0.71

   Laughed at or scorned

3(0.2)

0(0)

0.71

   Other

12(0.6)

1(2)

0.77

 Abandonment of care

147(8)

33(52)

<0.001

   While in Labor

104(5)

22(34)

<0.001

   While Delivering

60(3)

12(19)

<0.001

   While experiencing a complication

1(0.1)

0(0)

0.79

   After delivery

2(0.1)

0(0)

0.71

   Other

5(0.3)

0(0)

0.64

Detention in facilities

4(0.2)

1(2)

0.17