Author, Year, Sample size, Age, Country, Study design | Nutrient | Cognitive function | Results after adjustment for confounders | QS and RB |
---|---|---|---|---|
20Gale C; 2008  N = 178  Age 9 years  UK  Prospective longitudinal | Serum vitamin D concentrations assessed at 28-42 weeks gestation 21.2 % had <27.5 nmol/L 28.3 % had 27.5-50 nmol/L | Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Full-scale, verbal or performance IQ | No association between vitamin D concentrations and offspring IQ (full-scale, verbal or performance) Confounders adjusted for: Unadjusted | 16 Medium |
21Whitehouse AJO; 2012  Age 5 years (n = 534)  Age 10 years (n = 474)  Australia  Prospective longitudinal | Serum vitamin D concentrations assessed at 18 weeks gestation 25.2 % mothers had insufficiency (≤46 nmol/L) (lowest quartile) | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Receptive language | Children of mothers with vitamin D insufficiency (lowest quartile (≤46 nmol/L) were at increased risk (OR = 1.97) of language impairment compared to children of mothers without insufficiency (highest quartile (≥72 nmol/L; OR = 1.00) Confounders adjusted for: MA, MS, parity, family income, season of maternal blood sampling | 13 Medium |
22Morales E; 2012  N = 1820  Age 11-23 Months  Spain  Prospective population based  cohort study | Plasma vitamin D concentrations assessed during 12-23 weeks gestation 19.5 % mothers had deficiency (<20 ng/ml) 31.5 % had insufficiency (20-30 ng/ml) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development (mental (MDI) and psychomotor (PDI) developmental score) | A positive linear association between vitamin D concentrations and MDI and PDI Per 10 ng/ml increase in vitamin D concentrations MDI and PDI score increased by β = 0.79 and β = 0.88 points respectively Compared to infants of deficient mothers, infants of mothers with normal level scored higher MDI (β = 2.60) and PDI (β = 2.32) points respectively Confounders adjusted for: The child’s sex, BWT, area of study, maternal country of origin, MA, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, SES, ME, MS, alcohol and season | 15 Medium |