From: Infant and young child feeding practices differ by ethnicity of Vietnamese mothers
 | Kinh (n = 989) | Thai-Muong (n = 309) | Tay-Nung (n = 229) | E De-Mnong (n = 348) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics: | ||||||||
 Mother age (years): | ||||||||
   < 20 y | 5.1 | (3.9, 6.6) | 17.2 | (12.8, 22.5)* | 9.6 | (7.0, 13.1)* | 14.1 | (9.3, 20.7)* |
  20–24 y | 32.0 | (29.1, 34.9) | 39.8 | (31.4, 48.8) | 46.3 | (35.5, 57.4)* | 34.5 | (29.5, 39.8) |
  25–29 y | 34.3 | (31.1, 37.6) | 28.8 | (22.6, 35.9) | 25.3 | (20.5, 30.8)* | 26.4 | (22.4, 30.9)* |
   ≥ 30 y | 28.7 | (26.0, 31.6) | 14.2 | (11.5, 17.5)* | 18.8 | (11.7, 28.8) | 25.0 | (19.6, 31.3) |
 Mother education level: | ||||||||
   ≤ 5 y | 10.2 | (8.4, 12.4) | 20.7 | (8.9, 41.1) | 27.9 | (19.2, 38.8)* | 39.9 | (32.3, 48.1)* |
  6–9 y | 49.7 | (46.5, 53.0) | 56.6 | (49.2, 63.8) | 41.5 | (34.2, 49.2) | 28.2 | (24.2, 32.5)* |
  10–12 y | 25.7 | (23.0, 28.6) | 14.2 | (8.2, 23.5) | 26.2 | (19.0, 35.0) | 29.9 | (22.3, 38.7) |
   ≥ 12 y | 14.4 | (12.4, 16.6) | 8.4 | (4.0, 17.0) | 4.4 | (2.3, 8.2)* | 2.0 | (0.9, 4.3)* |
 Mother occupation: | ||||||||
  Farmer, Fisherman | 34.0 | (30.5,37.6) | 86.4 | (81.5, 90.2)* | 88.6 | (82.7, 92.7)* | 88.8 | (85.5, 91.4)* |
  Salaried employee | 21.1 | (18.4,24.2) | 7.4 | (4.4, 12.2)* | 3.5 | (1.7, 7.2)* | 2.9 | (1.6, 5.1) |
  Small trader, self-employed | 20.6 | (18.2,23.3) | 2.6 | (1.4, 4.7)* | 4.4 | (2.5, 7.6)* | 0.6 | (0.1, 2.2)* |
  Household work/housewife | 24.3 | (21.4,27.4) | 3.6 | (2.7, 4.7) | 3.5 | (2.1, 5.7)* | 7.8 | (5.5, 10.9)* |
Household food insecurity status: | ||||||||
  No (Food secured) | 59.3 | (55.6, 62.8) | 26.2 | (24.2, 28.3)* | 27.5 | (22.3, 33.4)* | 11.5 | (8.2, 15.8)* |
  Mid | 14.6 | (12.5, 16.9) | 15.5 | (11.0, 21.5) | 22.3 | (18.1, 27.0) | 10.3 | (7.6, 14.0)* |
  Moderate | 18.8 | (16.3, 21.6) | 35.0 | (28.2, 42.4) | 44.5 | (40.7, 48.5)* | 50.9 | (45.1, 56.6)* |
  Severe | 7.4 | (5.7, 9.5) | 23.3 | (13.9, 36.3) | 5.7 | (3.6, 8.9)* | 27.3 | (22.5, 32.7) |
Delivery characteristics: | ||||||||
 Delivery venue: | ||||||||
  In hospitals | 81.1 | (77.5, 84.2) | 23.9 | (14.1, 37.6)* | 73.4 | (67.6, 78.5) | 68.4 | (56.4, 78.3) |
  In commune health centers | 17.4 | (14.5, 20.7) | 27.2 | (16.3, 41.8) | 23.6 | (17.5, 31.0) | 7.5 | (4.0, 13.7)* |
  At home | 1.5 | (0.6, 4.0) | 48.9 | (28.5, 69.6)* | 3.1 | (1.2, 7.4) | 24.1 | (15.7, 35.3)* |
 Cesarean delivery | 22.4 | (19.9, 25.2) | 5.5 | (3.2, 9.2)* | 12.7 | (9.6, 16.5)* | 12.1 | (8.1, 17.6)* |
Professional breastfeeding advice or support: | ||||||||
 During pregnancy | 47.9 | (44.8, 51.1) | 23.6 | (17.8, 30.7)* | 30.6 | (23.4, 38.8)* | 22.1 | (17.3, 27.9)* |
 During 3 days after birth | 32.6 | (29.6, 35.7) | 13.6 | (11.9, 15.5)* | 26.2 | (21.7, 31.2) | 18.4 | (12.8, 25.7)* |
Infant characteristics | ||||||||
 Being a boy | 51.0 | (47.9,54.0) | 50.5 | (46.9,54.0) | 48.5 | (43.8,53.2) | 50.3 | (44.5,56.1) |
 Mean age (mo) | 8.5 | (8.0,8.9) | 10.4 | (9.3,11.4)* | 10.0 | (9.4,10.7)* | 7.7 | (6.5,9.0) |
Age groups: | ||||||||
  0–5 months | 54.6 | (51.2,58.0) | 37.2 | (34.6,39.9)* | 39.7 | (33.8,46.0)* | 56.6 | (45.1,67.4) |
  6–11 month | 17.3 | (15.1,19.7) | 23.3 | (16.0,32.6) | 24.5 | (21.3,28.0)* | 19.0 | (13.6,25.8) |
  12–17 months | 14.1 | (12.1,16.2) | 23.0 | (16.6,31.0)* | 13.5 | (9.3,19.3) | 12.6 | (8.7,18.0) |
  18–23 months | 14.1 | (12.2,16.2) | 16.5 | (12.5,21.4) | 22.3 | (19.2,25.6) | 11.8 | (8.5,16.0) |