Table 2 Comparison of participants’ data, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes according to their vitamin D status

 Less than 25 years

11 (28.9)

20 (20.4)

290 (33.6)

<0.01

 25–35 years

13 (34.2)

52 (53.1)

448 (52.0)

 More than 35

14 (36.8)

26 (26.5)

124 (14.4)

 Saudi

32 (84.2)

85 (86.7)

782 (90.5)

0.24

 Non Saudi

6 (15.8)

13 (13.3)

82 (9.5)

 High school

22 (61.1)

62 (65.3)

584 (71.4)

0.32

 University or higher

14 (38.9)

33 (34.7)

234 (28.6)

Working status

 Housewife

28 (73.7)

78 (79.6)

745 (86.4)

0.02

 Employee

10 (26.3)

20 (20.4)

117 (13.6)

 Parity

  Primiparous

12 (31.6)

24 (24.5)

287 (32.2)

0.22

  Multiparous

26 (68.4)

74 (75.5)

577 (66.8)

 Positive history of miscarriage

7 (18.4)

35 (35.7)

203 (23.5)

0.02

 Pregnancy BMI (Kg/m²; mean ± SD)

30.7 ± 5.5

30.7 ± 6.2

31.1 ± 6.9

0.66

 Gestational diabetes

5 (13.5)

12 (13.3)

94 (12.0)

0.8

 Pre-Gestational Diabetes

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

18 (2.3)

0.9

 Pre-existing hypertension

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

3 (0.3)

0.44

 Gestational hypertension

0 (0.0)

2 (2.0)

12 (1.4)

0.79

 Preeclampsia

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

9 (1.0)

0.28

 Intrauterine growth restriction

2 (5.3)

2 (2.1)

11 (1.3)

0.07

 Preterm labour

4 (10.8)

3 (3.1)

73 (8.5)

0.14

  Spontaneous

29 (76.3)

76 (77.6)

663 (76.7)

  Instrumental delivery

1 (2.6)

4 (4.1)

56 (6.5)

0.71

  Caesarian section

8 (21.1)

18 (18.4)

145 (16.8)

 Birth weight (Kg; mean ± SD)

3.1 ± 0.5

3.2 ± 0.4

3.1 ± 0.5

0.67

 Baby’s length (cm; mean ± SD)

49.5 ± 2.2

49.7 ± 2.2

49.5 ± 2.8

0.96

 Head Circumference (cm; mean ± SD)

34.1 ± 1.1

34.4 ± 1.7

34.1 ± 2.2

0.6

 APGAR score (mean ± SD)

8.3 ± 1.9

8.9 ± 0.3

8.8 ± 0.8

0.05

 Neonatal admission to ICU

1 (2.6)

0 (0.0)

28 (3.3)

0.18