From: Risk factors for small-for-gestational-age and preterm births among 19,269 Tanzanian newborns
Characteristic | Term-AGA | Term-SGA | Preterm-AGA | Preterm-SGA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n = 13,166) | % (n = 3,051) | Unadjusted RR (95 % CI) | p-value | % (n = 2,989) | Unadjusted RR (95 % CI) | p-value | % (n = 63) | Unadjusted RR (95 % CI) | p-value | |
Maternal age | ||||||||||
< 20 years | 12.6 | 21.1 | 1.69 (1.54-1.86) | <0.001 | 16.8 | 1.37 (1.24–1.52) | <0.001 | 12.1 | 2.50 (0.88–7.11) | 0.172 |
20–25 years | 30.1 | 32.3 | 1.21 (1.11–1.32) | <0.001 | 33.9 | 1.20 (1.01–1.31) | <0.001 | 43.1 | 3.73 (1.61–8.61) | 0.009 |
25–30 years | 28.4 | 24.2 | Ref. | 25.5 | Ref. | 12.1 | Ref. | |||
30–35 years | 22.0 | 16.9 | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 0.094 | 17.7 | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.070 | 24.2 | 3.33 (1.35–8.24) | 0.007 |
≥ 35 years | 6.9 | 5.6 | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 0.582 | 6.1 | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | 0.920 | 8.6 | 4.55 (1.74–11.94) | 0.002 |
Maternal education | ||||||||||
No formal schooling | 8.1 | 6.3 | 0.78 (0.68–0.90) | <0.001 | 9.2 | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 0.073 | 9.1 | 1.22 (0.48–3.09) | 0.682 |
Some primary | 7.1 | 6.9 | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) | 0.448 | 8.5 | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 0.010 | 7.3 | 1.12 (0.40–3.14) | 0.828 |
Completed primary | 73.2 | 76.6 | Ref. | 72.4 | Ref. | 67.3 | Ref. | |||
Secondary plus | 11.6 | 10.2 | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.009 | 10.0 | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 0.045 | 16.4 | 1.52 (0.74–3.15) | 0.255 |
Paternal education | ||||||||||
No formal schooling | 4.4 | 3.4 | 0.78 (0.64–0.94) | 0.009 | 5.8 | 1.23 (1.06–1.41) | 0.005 | 1.8 | 0.42 (0.06–3.07) | 0.394 |
Some primary | 4.9 | 5.1 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 0.986 | 6.1 | 1.16 (1.01–1.34) | 0.029 | 5.5 | 1.13 (0.35–3.64) | 0.840 |
Completed primary | 72.1 | 74.8 | Ref. | 73.2 | Ref. | 70.9 | Ref. | |||
Secondary plus | 18.6 | 16.7 | 0.89 (0.82–0.98) | 0.012 | 15.0 | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | <0.001 | 21.8 | 1.19 (0.62–2.28) | 0.591 |
Dar es Salaam wealth quintile | ||||||||||
Q1 (Poorest) | 15.9 | 16.3 | 1.36 (1.08–1.72) | 15.9 | 1.35 (1.12–1.64) | 28.6 | 3.02 (0.61–14.92) | |||
Q2 | 20.7 | 26.2 | 1.44 (1.16–1.79) | 20.7 | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | 28.6 | 2.03 (0.41–10.01) | |||
Q3 | 14.9 | 17.2 | 1.27 (1.01–1.60) | 14.9 | 1.16 (0.95–1.40) | 4.8 | 0.44 (0.04–4.87) | |||
Q4 | 25.6 | 28.8 | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) | 25.6 | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 28.6 | 1.45 (0.29–7.15) | |||
Q5 (Richest) | 11.1 | 11.5 | Ref. | <0.001* | 16.8 | Ref. | 0.001* | 9.5 | Ref. | 0.464* |
Morogoro wealth quintile | ||||||||||
Q1 (Poorest) | 16.4 | 16.7 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 22.2 | 1.72 (1.49–1.99) | 14.7 | 0.95 (0.30–2.99) | |||
Q2 | 21.3 | 19.2 | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 26.7 | 1.62 (1.41–1.87) | 17.7 | 0.88 (0.30–2.62) | |||
Q3 | 17.2 | 18.4 | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 13.8 | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) | 11.8 | 0.73 (0.21–2.48) | |||
Q4 | 20.1 | 21.7 | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 19.2 | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) | 35.2 | 1.86 (0.73–4.72) | |||
Q5 (Richest) | 21.9 | 24.0 | Ref. | 0.044* | 15.3 | Ref. | <0.001* | 20.6 | Ref. | 0.544* |
Trimester of first ANC visit | ||||||||||
1st Trimester | 12.9 | 11.9 | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 0.513 | 11.4 | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.074 | 16.0 | 1.40 (0.65–3.01) | 0.393 |
2nd Trimester | 76.5 | 76.0 | Ref. | 77.3 | Ref. | 68.0 | Ref. | |||
3rd Trimester | 10.7 | 12.2 | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 0.125 | 11.3 | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 0.567 | 16.0 | 1.68 (0.78–3.61) | 0.187 |
Maternal height | ||||||||||
< 150 cm | 7.7 | 12.7 | 1.90 (1.57–2.31) | 9.9 | 1.48 (1.20–1.83) | 23.3 | 6.36 (1.65–24.46) | |||
150.0–154.9 cm | 33.1 | 33.5 | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) | 36.8 | 1.33 (1.13–1.55) | 36.7 | 2.35 (0.66–8.41) | |||
155.0–159.9 cm | 37.9 | 38.2 | 1.31 (1.11–1.53) | 36.5 | 1.18 (1.01–1.39) | 30.0 | 1.69 (0.46–6.21) | |||
≥ 160.0 cm | 21.3 | 15.6 | Ref. | <0.001* | 16.8 | Ref. | <0.001* | 10.0 | Ref. | 0.011 |
Parity | ||||||||||
First born | 26.2 | 42.5 | 1.71 (1.59–1.84) | <0.001 | 31.9 | 1.25 (1.16–1.34) | <0.001 | 49.1 | 2.53 (1.51–4.22) | <0.001 |
2nd–4th birth | 59.8 | 49.0 | Ref. | 55.9 | Ref. | 43.4 | Ref. | |||
5th or greater | 14.0 | 8.6 | 0.78 (0.68–0.89) | <0.001 | 12.2 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.386 | 7.6 | 0.73 (0.26–2.06) | 0.553 |
Infant sex | ||||||||||
Male | 51.0 | 54.0 | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 0.004 | 52.4 | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 0.168 | 50.8 | 0.99 (0.61–1.62) | 0.971 |
Female | 49.0 | 46.0 | Ref. | 47.6 | Ref. | 49.2 | Ref. | |||
Place of birth | ||||||||||
Home | 8.5 | 7.4 | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.06 | 11.8 | 1.34 (1.22–1.48) | <0.001 | 12.7 | 1.56 (0.75–3.27) | 0.236 |
Facility | 91.5 | 92.6 | Ref. | 88.2 | Ref. | 87.3 | Ref. |