Higher maternal leptin levels at second trimester are associated with subsequent greater gestational weight gain in late pregnancy

Table 3 Associations between 1^st or 2^nd trimester leptin levels and subsequent mid or late pregnancy GWG^a

Models	Associations: 1^st trimester leptin levels and mid pregnancy GWG		Associations: 2^nd trimester leptin levels 1-h post OGTT and late pregnancy GWG
Models	β ± SE	P value	β ± SE	P value
Model 1: unadjusted	−0.08 ± 0.02	<0.0001	0.11 ± 0.03	0.0001
Model 2a: adjusted for BMI and gestational weeks	0.07 ± 0.03	0.01	0.24 ± 0.04	<0.0001
Model 2b: BMI-fully adjusted¹	0.07 ± 0.03	0.02	0.21 ± 0.04	<0.0001
Model 3a: adjusted for %BF and gestational weeks	0.01 ± 0.03	0.64	0.20 ± 0.04	<0.0001
Model 3b: %BF-fully adjusted¹	0.01 ± 0.03	0.74	0.18 ± 0.04	<0.0001

^aAll β represent the change in weight gain (kg) per week associated to a change of 1 log of leptin levels. GWG: gestational weight gain. BMI: body mass index. %BF: percent body fat. OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test. All models were adjusted with variables measured cross-sectionally with leptin levels of interest. For example in model 2a, model testing association between leptin levels measured at 1^st trimester and mid pregnancy GWG is adjusted for BMI at 1^st trimester and the number of weeks of gestation at the moment of assessment. ¹Adjusted for further potential confounders (always measured cross-sectionally to leptin levels respectively to trimester): systolic and diastolic blood pressures (1^st or 2^nd trimester), physical activity (1^st or 2^nd trimester), fruits and vegetables per day (1^st or 2^nd trimester) and restaurant meals per week (1^st or 2^nd trimester)

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