Table 1 Distribution of maternal characteristics by mother’s race/ethnicity, California, 2002–2004
From: Preterm birth among the hmong, other Asian subgroups and non-hispanic whites in California
NH White | Hmong | Chinese | Japanese | Korean | Asian Indian | Vietnamese | Cambodian | Filipino | Lao/Thai | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 415,800) | (N = 4,123) | (N = 33,982) | (N = 7,151) | (N = 13,190) | (N = 21,856) | (N = 24,396) | (N = 4,249) | (N = 39,497) | (N = 4,408) | ||
Nativity status, % | |||||||||||
Foreign-born (reference) | 12.0 | 66.3 | 89.1 | 63.4 | 94.4 | 96.3 | 97.5 | 86.0 | 81.4 | 87.3 | 0.000 |
US-born | 88.0 | 33.7 | 10.9 | 36.7 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 14.0 | 18.6 | 12.7 | |
Age, % | |||||||||||
<20 | 4.8 | 23.9 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 11.8 | 3.2 | 9.4 | 0.000 |
20–29 (reference) | 41.8 | 56.7 | 23.2 | 19.8 | 29.0 | 53.8 | 36.0 | 51.1 | 39.5 | 52.6 | |
30–39 | 48.6 | 16.7 | 70.7 | 71.8 | 67.4 | 44.7 | 58.6 | 34.7 | 52.3 | 35.3 | |
40+ | 4.8 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 8.2 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 5.1 | 2.7 | |
Education, % | |||||||||||
Less than HS | 6.4 | 30.0 | 6.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 13.9 | 28.2 | 3.8 | 16.4 | 0.000 |
HS diploma/GED | 25.2 | 37.6 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 31.9 | 34.7 | 16.7 | 32.5 | |
Some college | 24.9 | 22.8 | 14.8 | 25.0 | 17.9 | 18.8 | 20.1 | 22.9 | 34.2 | 23.9 | |
College degree or higher (reference) | 43.5 | 9.6 | 65.4 | 62.4 | 70.5 | 67.2 | 34.1 | 14.3 | 45.3 | 27.2 | |
Parity, % | |||||||||||
0 (reference) | 44.2 | 32.1 | 51.8 | 53.2 | 50.5 | 55.1 | 47.1 | 42.3 | 42.9 | 45.2 | 0.000 |
1–2 | 48.2 | 36.6 | 46.4 | 44.2 | 47.7 | 43.5 | 48.5 | 44.5 | 50.3 | 44.0 | |
3+ | 7.6 | 31.3 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 13.3 | 6.8 | 10.7 | |
Preeclampsia, % | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.000 |
Diabetes, % | 1.9 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 0.000 |
Smoking during pregnancy, % | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.000 |
Prenatal care, % | |||||||||||
1st trimester (reference) | 91.2 | 61.5 | 92.4 | 94.0 | 93.6 | 92.0 | 89.9 | 79.7 | 87.9 | 81.6 | 0.000 |
After 1st trimester | 8.2 | 37.7 | 7.1 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 9.8 | 19.0 | 11.6 | 17.5 | |
No/missing | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | |
Infant sex, % | |||||||||||
Male | 51.3 | 51.6 | 52.0 | 51.6 | 51.7 | 51.8 | 51.0 | 51.3 | 51.8 | 51.4 | 0.126 |
Female (reference) | 48.7 | 48.4 | 48.0 | 48.4 | 48.3 | 48.2 | 49.0 | 48.7 | 48.2 | 48.6 | |