Variable | ANC (N = 388) | Delivery (N = 203) | PNC (N = 230) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | P-value | N | Mean | P-value | N | Mean | P-value | |
Age | Â | Â | 0.916 | Â | Â | 0.529 | Â | Â | 0.934 |
<20 | 91 | 9.05 | Â | 41 | 9.27 | Â | 47 | 8.73 | Â |
20-29 | 205 | 9.05 | Â | 118 | 9.04 | Â | 132 | 8.76 | Â |
≥30 | 92 | 8.99 |  | 44 | 9.13 |  | 51 | 8.83 |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | 0.550 | Â | Â | 0.991 | Â | Â | 0.609 |
Unmarried | 9 | 9.22 | Â | 14 | 9.12 | Â | 13 | 8.95 | Â |
Married | 379 | 9.03 | Â | 189 | 9.10 | Â | 217 | 8.76 | Â |
Religion | Â | Â | 0.435 | Â | Â | 0.530 | Â | Â | 0.026 |
Non-Christian | 55 | 9.13 | Â | 25 | 8.97 | Â | 48 | 9.14 | Â |
Christian | 333 | 9.02 | Â | 178 | 9.12 | Â | 182 | 8.67 | Â |
Literacy | Â | Â | 0.011 | Â | Â | 0.115 | Â | Â | 0.324 |
Illiterate | 131 | 8.86 | Â | 69 | 8.93 | Â | 89 | 8.88 | Â |
Literate | 257 | 9.12 | Â | 134 | 9.20 | Â | 141 | 8.70 | Â |
Wealth | Â | Â | 0.194 | Â | Â | 0.624 | Â | Â | 0.046 |
1 (poorest) | 98 | 9.01 | Â | 51 | 9.05 | Â | 58 | 8.40 | Â |
2 | 97 | 8.95 | Â | 54 | 9.10 | Â | 57 | 8.76 | Â |
3 | 96 | 9.21 | Â | 48 | 9.28 | Â | 58 | 8.89 | Â |
4 (wealthiest) | 97 | 8.97 | Â | 50 | 9.00 | Â | 57 | 9.04 | Â |
Parity | Â | Â | 0.734 | Â | Â | 0.508 | Â | Â | 0.622 |
1 | 121 | 8.98 | Â | 66 | 9.24 | Â | 76 | 8.68 | Â |
2 to 3 | 135 | 9.07 | Â | 74 | 9.03 | Â | 86 | 8.76 | Â |
>3 | 132 | 9.05 | Â | 63 | 9.05 | Â | 68 | 8.89 | Â |
Number of children | Â | Â | 0.851 | Â | Â | 0.639 | Â | Â | 0.987 |
No child | 137 | 9.00 | Â | NA | NA | Â | NA | NA | Â |
1-3 children | 189 | 9.05 | Â | 149 | 9.13 | Â | 178 | 8.77 | Â |
>3 children | 62 | 9.06 | Â | 54 | 9.04 | Â | 52 | 8.77 | Â |
Miscarriage | Â | Â | 0.175 | Â | Â | 0.761 | Â | Â | 0.730 |
No miscarriage | 333 | 9.06 | Â | 180 | 9.11 | Â | 198 | 8.78 | Â |
Had miscarriage | 55 | 8.87 | Â | 23 | 9.03 | Â | 32 | 8.70 | Â |
Still birth | Â | Â | 0.132 | Â | Â | 0.965 | Â | Â | 0.848 |
No still birth | 371 | 9.05 | Â | 197 | 9.10 | Â | 221 | 8.77 | Â |
Had stillbirth | 17 | 8.69 | Â | 6 | 9.08 | Â | 9 | 8.85 | Â |
Premature birth | Â | Â | 0.587 | Â | Â | 0.495 | Â | Â | 0.358 |
No premature birth | 365 | 9.23 | Â | 191 | 9.09 | Â | 215 | 8.75 | Â |
Had premature birth | 23 | 9.32 | Â | 12 | 9.32 | Â | 15 | 9.07 | Â |
Number of current ANC visit | Â | Â | 0.085 | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | NA |
First visit | 181 | 9.31 | Â | NA | NA | Â | NA | NA | Â |
>1 visit | 207 | 9.17 | Â | NA | NA | Â | NA | NA | Â |
Method of delivery | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | 0.126 | Â | Â | NA |
Vaginal | NA | NA | Â | 190 | 9.35 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
C-section | NA | NA | Â | 7 | 9.04 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
Vacuum/forceps | NA | NA | Â | 4 | 9.41 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
Number of ANC visits, delivery | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | 0.114 | Â | Â | NA |
0-3 ANC visits | NA | NA | Â | 122 | 9.44 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
>3 ANC visits | NA | NA | Â | 80 | 9.20 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
Length of stay before delivery | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | 0.602 | Â | Â | NA |
0-2 days | NA | NA | Â | 170 | 9.09 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
≥2 days | NA | NA |  | 33 | 9.20 |  | NA | NA |  |
Length of stay after delivery | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | 0.123 | Â | Â | NA |
0-1 day | NA | NA | Â | 120 | 9.00 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
≥2 days | NA | NA |  | 83 | 9.25 |  | NA | NA |  |
Mode of transportation | Â | Â | 0.875 | Â | Â | 0.411 | Â | Â | 0.063 |
Walking | 232 | 9.21 | Â | 66 | 9.20 | Â | 154 | 8.88 | Â |
Motorized | 156 | 9.26 | Â | 137 | 9.06 | Â | 76 | 8.55 | Â |
Wait time | Â | Â | 0.154 | Â | Â | 0.178 | Â | Â | 0.493 |
≤1 hour | 298 | 9.27 |  | 181 | 9.14 |  | 179 | 8.74 |  |
>1Â hour | 90 | 9.12 | Â | 22 | 8.79 | Â | 51 | 8.88 | Â |
Self introduction by provider | Â | Â | 0.110 | Â | Â | 0.688 | Â | Â | 0.194 |
Not done | 231 | 9.17 | Â | 142 | 9.13 | Â | 129 | 8.67 | Â |
Done | 157 | 9.33 | Â | 61 | 9.05 | Â | 101 | 8.90 | Â |
Explanation of exam procedures (ANC, n = 380; Delivery, n = 121; PNC, n = 168) |  |  | 0.129 |  |  | 0.874 |  |  | 0.001 |
Not explained | 95 | 8.90 | Â | 13 | 9.05 | Â | 55 | 8.12 | Â |
Explained | 285 | 9.07 | Â | 108 | 9.11 | Â | 113 | 8.83 | Â |
Explanation of medicine purpose & how to take (ANC, n = 366; Delivery, n = 167; PNC, n = 108) |  |  | 0.036 |  |  | 0.169 |  |  | 0.002 |
Not explained | 63 | 8.92 | Â | 61 | 9.11 | Â | 22 | 7.88 | Â |
Explained | 303 | 9.09 | Â | 106 | 8.99 | Â | 86 | 8.81 | Â |
Explanation of blood specimen purpose (ANC, n = 267; Delivery, n = 85; PNC, n = 53) |  |  | 0.212 |  |  | 0.629 |  |  | <0.001 |
Not explained | 20 | 8.68 | Â | 23 | 8.90 | Â | 6 | 7.39 | Â |
Explained | 247 | 9.04 | Â | 62 | 9.10 | Â | 47 | 8.23 | Â |
Consent seeking (ANC, n = 384; Delivery, n = 201; PNC, n = 183) |  |  | 0.008 |  |  | 0.977 |  |  | 0.035 |
Not Sought | 104 | 8.83 | Â | 82 | 9.09 | Â | 63 | 8.40 | Â |
Sought | 280 | 9.12 | Â | 119 | 9.10 | Â | 120 | 8.81 | Â |
Encouragement to ask questions | Â | Â | 0.002 | Â | Â | 0.520 | Â | Â | 0.798 |
Not encouraged | 143 | 8.84 | Â | 123 | 9.06 | Â | 107 | 8.75 | Â |
Encouraged | 245 | 9.15 | Â | 80 | 9.17 | Â | 123 | 8.79 | Â |
Encouragement to have a guardian | Â | Â | 0.413 | Â | Â | 0.068 | Â | Â | 0.581 |
Not encouraged | 180 | 8.99 | Â | 101 | 8.96 | Â | 130 | 8.73 | Â |
Encouraged | 208 | 9.07 | Â | 102 | 9.25 | Â | 100 | 8.82 | Â |
Confidentiality | Â | Â | 0.059 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | 0.177 |
Not Kept | 24 | 8.68 | Â | 17 | 8.15 | Â | 30 | 9.07 | Â |
Kept | 364 | 9.06 | Â | 186 | 9.19 | Â | 200 | 8.73 | Â |
Bp measurement ANC & PNC | Â | Â | 0.290 | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | 0.239 |
Not taken | 147 | 8.97 | Â | NA | NA | Â | 133 | 8.86 | Â |
Taken | 241 | 9.07 | Â | NA | NA | Â | 97 | 8.65 | Â |
Bp measurement before delivery | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | 0.773 | Â | Â | NA |
Not taken | NA | NA | Â | 76 | 9.13 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
Taken | NA | NA | Â | 127 | 9.09 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
Bp measurement after delivery | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | 0.037 | Â | Â | NA |
Not taken | NA | NA | Â | 116 | 9.25 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
Taken | NA | NA | Â | 87 | 8.91 | Â | NA | NA | Â |
Baby Weight taken | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | NA | Â | Â | 0.075 |
Not taken | NA | NA | Â | NA | NA | Â | 52 | 8.49 | Â |
Taken | NA | NA | Â | NA | NA | Â | 178 | 8.85 | Â |