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Table 4 Bivariate associations between the perceived quality of nursing care services and the explanatory variables

From: How do Malawian women rate the quality of maternal and newborn care? Experiences and perceptions of women in the central and southern regions

Variable

ANC (N = 388)

Delivery (N = 203)

PNC (N = 230)

N

Mean

P-value

N

Mean

P-value

N

Mean

P-value

Age

  

0.916

  

0.529

  

0.934

<20

91

9.05

 

41

9.27

 

47

8.73

 

20-29

205

9.05

 

118

9.04

 

132

8.76

 

≥30

92

8.99

 

44

9.13

 

51

8.83

 

Marital status

  

0.550

  

0.991

  

0.609

Unmarried

9

9.22

 

14

9.12

 

13

8.95

 

Married

379

9.03

 

189

9.10

 

217

8.76

 

Religion

  

0.435

  

0.530

  

0.026

Non-Christian

55

9.13

 

25

8.97

 

48

9.14

 

Christian

333

9.02

 

178

9.12

 

182

8.67

 

Literacy

  

0.011

  

0.115

  

0.324

Illiterate

131

8.86

 

69

8.93

 

89

8.88

 

Literate

257

9.12

 

134

9.20

 

141

8.70

 

Wealth

  

0.194

  

0.624

  

0.046

1 (poorest)

98

9.01

 

51

9.05

 

58

8.40

 

2

97

8.95

 

54

9.10

 

57

8.76

 

3

96

9.21

 

48

9.28

 

58

8.89

 

4 (wealthiest)

97

8.97

 

50

9.00

 

57

9.04

 

Parity

  

0.734

  

0.508

  

0.622

1

121

8.98

 

66

9.24

 

76

8.68

 

2 to 3

135

9.07

 

74

9.03

 

86

8.76

 

>3

132

9.05

 

63

9.05

 

68

8.89

 

Number of children

  

0.851

  

0.639

  

0.987

No child

137

9.00

 

NA

NA

 

NA

NA

 

1-3 children

189

9.05

 

149

9.13

 

178

8.77

 

>3 children

62

9.06

 

54

9.04

 

52

8.77

 

Miscarriage

  

0.175

  

0.761

  

0.730

No miscarriage

333

9.06

 

180

9.11

 

198

8.78

 

Had miscarriage

55

8.87

 

23

9.03

 

32

8.70

 

Still birth

  

0.132

  

0.965

  

0.848

No still birth

371

9.05

 

197

9.10

 

221

8.77

 

Had stillbirth

17

8.69

 

6

9.08

 

9

8.85

 

Premature birth

  

0.587

  

0.495

  

0.358

No premature birth

365

9.23

 

191

9.09

 

215

8.75

 

Had premature birth

23

9.32

 

12

9.32

 

15

9.07

 

Number of current ANC visit

  

0.085

  

NA

  

NA

First visit

181

9.31

 

NA

NA

 

NA

NA

 

>1 visit

207

9.17

 

NA

NA

 

NA

NA

 

Method of delivery

  

NA

  

0.126

  

NA

Vaginal

NA

NA

 

190

9.35

 

NA

NA

 

C-section

NA

NA

 

7

9.04

 

NA

NA

 

Vacuum/forceps

NA

NA

 

4

9.41

 

NA

NA

 

Number of ANC visits, delivery

  

NA

  

0.114

  

NA

0-3 ANC visits

NA

NA

 

122

9.44

 

NA

NA

 

>3 ANC visits

NA

NA

 

80

9.20

 

NA

NA

 

Length of stay before delivery

  

NA

  

0.602

  

NA

0-2 days

NA

NA

 

170

9.09

 

NA

NA

 

≥2 days

NA

NA

 

33

9.20

 

NA

NA

 

Length of stay after delivery

  

NA

  

0.123

  

NA

0-1 day

NA

NA

 

120

9.00

 

NA

NA

 

≥2 days

NA

NA

 

83

9.25

 

NA

NA

 

Mode of transportation

  

0.875

  

0.411

  

0.063

Walking

232

9.21

 

66

9.20

 

154

8.88

 

Motorized

156

9.26

 

137

9.06

 

76

8.55

 

Wait time

  

0.154

  

0.178

  

0.493

≤1 hour

298

9.27

 

181

9.14

 

179

8.74

 

>1 hour

90

9.12

 

22

8.79

 

51

8.88

 

Self introduction by provider

  

0.110

  

0.688

  

0.194

Not done

231

9.17

 

142

9.13

 

129

8.67

 

Done

157

9.33

 

61

9.05

 

101

8.90

 

Explanation of exam procedures (ANC, n = 380; Delivery, n = 121; PNC, n = 168)

  

0.129

  

0.874

  

0.001

Not explained

95

8.90

 

13

9.05

 

55

8.12

 

Explained

285

9.07

 

108

9.11

 

113

8.83

 

Explanation of medicine purpose & how to take (ANC, n = 366; Delivery, n = 167; PNC, n = 108)

  

0.036

  

0.169

  

0.002

Not explained

63

8.92

 

61

9.11

 

22

7.88

 

Explained

303

9.09

 

106

8.99

 

86

8.81

 

Explanation of blood specimen purpose (ANC, n = 267; Delivery, n = 85; PNC, n = 53)

  

0.212

  

0.629

  

<0.001

Not explained

20

8.68

 

23

8.90

 

6

7.39

 

Explained

247

9.04

 

62

9.10

 

47

8.23

 

Consent seeking (ANC, n = 384; Delivery, n = 201; PNC, n = 183)

  

0.008

  

0.977

  

0.035

Not Sought

104

8.83

 

82

9.09

 

63

8.40

 

Sought

280

9.12

 

119

9.10

 

120

8.81

 

Encouragement to ask questions

  

0.002

  

0.520

  

0.798

Not encouraged

143

8.84

 

123

9.06

 

107

8.75

 

Encouraged

245

9.15

 

80

9.17

 

123

8.79

 

Encouragement to have a guardian

  

0.413

  

0.068

  

0.581

Not encouraged

180

8.99

 

101

8.96

 

130

8.73

 

Encouraged

208

9.07

 

102

9.25

 

100

8.82

 

Confidentiality

  

0.059

  

<0.001

  

0.177

Not Kept

24

8.68

 

17

8.15

 

30

9.07

 

Kept

364

9.06

 

186

9.19

 

200

8.73

 

Bp measurement ANC & PNC

  

0.290

  

NA

  

0.239

Not taken

147

8.97

 

NA

NA

 

133

8.86

 

Taken

241

9.07

 

NA

NA

 

97

8.65

 

Bp measurement before delivery

  

NA

  

0.773

  

NA

Not taken

NA

NA

 

76

9.13

 

NA

NA

 

Taken

NA

NA

 

127

9.09

 

NA

NA

 

Bp measurement after delivery

  

NA

  

0.037

  

NA

Not taken

NA

NA

 

116

9.25

 

NA

NA

 

Taken

NA

NA

 

87

8.91

 

NA

NA

 

Baby Weight taken

  

NA

  

NA

  

0.075

Not taken

NA

NA

 

NA

NA

 

52

8.49

 

Taken

NA

NA

 

NA

NA

 

178

8.85

 
  1. NA in all field of a cell means that this variable does not apply for the respective service