Table 3 Pregnancy care attendance and outcomes among women from Middle and East African non-HSC and HSC

Late first pregnancy care visit (>2008, 8 missing)

124/234 (53.0)

15/29 (51.7)

0.9 (0.4 to 2.1) n = 263

0.9 (0.4 to 2.0) n = 261

Poor/no pregnancy care attendance

9 (1.5)

4 (4.6)

3.3 (1.0 to 10.8)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (ex 1 case pre-existing diabetes)

49/618 (7.9)

19/87 (21.8)

3.2 (1.8 to 5.8) n = 705

3.5 (1.8 to 7.1) n = 490

Pre-eclampsia

13 (2.1)

2 (2.3)

1.1 (0.2 to 4.9)

Antepartum haemorrhage

21 (3.4)

2 (2.3)

0.7 (0.1 to 2.9)

0.7^b (0.2 to 3.0) n = 706

Unplanned birth before hospital arrival

6 (1.0)

1 (1.2)

Non-cephalic presentation (ex 1 unknown)

26/619 (4.2)

2/86 (2.3)

0.5 (0.1 to 2.3) n = 705

0.5^b (0.1 to 2.4) n = 705

Induced labour (ex 103 no labour)

134/527 (25.4)

19/76 (25.0)

1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) n = 603

1.0 (0.5 to 2.0) n = 417

Analgesia in labour (>2008, ex no labour)

154/211 (73.0)

11/27 (40.7)

0.2 (0.1 to 0.6) n = 238

0.3 (0.1 to 0.7) n = 235

Caesarean section

182 (29.4)

28 (32.2)

1.1 (0.7 to 1.8)

0.8 (0.4 to 1.6)

Assisted vaginal birth (vaginal births)

67/437 (15.3)

7/59 (11.9)

0.7 (0.3 to 1.7) n = 496

1.0 (0.3 to 2.8) n = 342

Episiotomy (vaginal births)

75/437 (17.2)

13/59 (22.0)

1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) n = 496

1.4 (0.6 to 3.2) n = 342

3rd/4th degree tears (vaginal births)

16/437 (3.7)

2/59 (3.4)

0.9 (0.2 to 4.1) n = 496

Postpartum haemorrhage

18 (2.9)

1 (1.2)

0.4 (0.1 to 2.9)

Mother requiring high dependency care

5 (0.8)

1 (1.2)

Preterm birth

45 (7.3)

8 (9.2)

1.3 (0.6 to 2.8)

1.1 (0.4 to 3.4)

Post-term birth

9 (1.5)

1 (1.2)

0.8 (0.1 to 6.3)

Foetal abnormality

7 (1.1)

2 (2.3)

Stillbirth

4 (0.7)

1 (1.2)

Low birth weight^e (1 missing data point)

33/614 (5.4)

3/86 (3.5)

0.6 (0.2 to 2.1) n = 700

0.6^c (0.2 to 2.1) n = 700

Apgar score <7^e (5 min) (1 missing)

13/614 (2.1)

2/86 (2.3)

1.1 (0.2 to 5.0) n = 700

Admission to special or intensive neonatal care units^e (2 missing)

110/614 (17.9)

20/85 (23.5)

1.4 (0.8 to 2.4) n = 699

1.1 (0.5 to 2.2) n = 488

Pregnancy outcomes (continuous)

Non-HSC

HSC

Crude β co-efficient (95% CI)

Adjusted β co-efficient (95% CI)

Median (IQR) maternal length of stay (days)

2.8 (2.0)

3.2 (2.2)

0.04 (−0.08 to 0.16)^f

−0.04 (−0.18 to 0.10)^f

Median (IQR) neonatal length of stay^e (days)

2.5 (2.0) n = 615

3.4 (2.1) n = 86

0.18 (0.00 to 0.36)^f n = 701

0.05 (−0.16 to 0.26)^f n = 488

Median (IQR) gestation at birth

39.5 (1.8)

39.5 (2.4)

−0.01 (−0.02 to 0.01)^f

0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)^f

Mean ± SD birth weight^e (grams) (1 missing)

3294.1 ± 574.3 n = 614

3307.6 ± 532.6 n = 86

13.49 (−115.23 to 142.21) n = 700

9.15 (−142.19 to 160.48) n = 487