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Table 2 Pregnancy care attendance and outcomes among women from North African non-HSC and HSC

From: Maternal health and pregnancy outcomes among women of refugee background from African countries: a retrospective, observational study in Australia

Attendance and outcomes (categorical)

Non-HSC (%)

HSC (%)

χ 2p-value

Crude odds ratio (95% CI)

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

Late first pregnancy care visit (>2008, 30 missing)

36/65 (55.4)

244/374 (65.2)

0.13

1.5 (0.9 to 2.6) n = 439

1.5 (0.8 to 2.6) n = 435

Poor/no pregnancy care attendance

5 (2.3)

58 (5.1)

0.08

2.2 (0.9 to 5.6)

2.9 (0.7 to 12.6)

Gestational diabetes mellitus

25 (11.7)

46 (4.0)

<0.01

0.3 (0.2 to 0.5)

0.5 (0.3 to 1.2)

Pre-eclampsia

3 (1.4)

23 (2.0)

0.79

1.4 (0.4 to 4.8)

1.4a (0.4 to 4.6) n = 1361

Antepartum haemorrhage

6 (2.8)

16 (1.4)

0.14

0.5 (0.2 to 1.3)

0.5b (0.2 to 1.3) n = 1361

Unplanned birth before hospital arrival

0

41 (3.6)

   

Non-cephalic presentation (ex 6 unknown)

12/214 (5.6)

27/1141 (2.4)

0.01

0.4 (0.2 to 0.8) n = 1355

0.4c (0.2 to 0.8) n = 1355

Induced labour (ex 96 no labour)

46/176 (26.1)

181/1089 (16.6)

<0.01

0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) n = 1265

0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) n = 892

Analgesia in labour (>2008, ex no labour, 1 missing)

34/45 (75.6)

178/383 (46.5)

<0.01

0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) n = 428

0.4 (0.2 to 1.0) n = 425

Caesarean section

69 (32.2)

181 (15.8)

<0.01

0.4 (0.3 to 0.5)

0.4 (0.3 to 0.7)

Assisted vaginal birth (vaginal births)

32/145 (22.1)

63/966 (6.5)

<0.01

0.2 (0.1 to 0.4) n = 1111

0.4 (0.2 to 0.8) n = 780

Episiotomy (vaginal births)

32/145 (22.1)

141/966 (14.6)

0.02

0.6 (0.4 to 0.9) n = 1111

1.0 (0.5 to 1.8) n = 780

3rd/4th degree tears (vaginal births)

2/145 (1.4)

26/966 (2.7)

0.57

2.0 (0.5 to 8.4) n = 1111

2.4b (0.6 to 10.6) n = 1111

Postpartum haemorrhage

2 (0.9)

3 (0.3)

0.18

  

Mother requiring high dependency care (6 missing)

0/214

13/1141 (1.1)

   

Preterm birth

8 (3.7)

58 (5.1)

0.41

1.4 (0.6 to 2.9)

1.0 (0.3 to 2.8)

Post-term birth

4 (1.9)

53 (4.6)

0.07

2.5 (0.9 to 7.1)

2.0d (0.7 to 5.8) n = 1359

Foetal abnormality

2 (0.9)

14 (1.2)

1.00

1.3 (0.3 to 5.8)

 

Stillbirth

3 (1.4)

18 (1.6)

1.00

1.1 (0.3 to 3.8)

0.9a (0.3 to 3.2) n = 1361

Low birth weighte

4/211 (1.9)

42/1129 (3.7)

0.18

2.0 (0.7 to 5.6) n = 1340

2.6d (0.8 to 8.7) n = 1338

Apgar score <7e (5 min) (10 missing)

2/211 (1.0)

21/1119 (1.9)

0.56

2.0 (0.5 to 8.6) n = 1330

1.9a (0.4 to 8.4) n = 1330

Admission to special or intensive neonatal care (3 missing)

35/210 (16.7)

149/1127 (13.2)

0.18

0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) n = 1337

0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) n = 947

Pregnancy outcomes (continuous)

Non-HSC

HSC

p-value

Crude β co-efficient (95%CI)

Adjusted β co-efficient (95% CI)

Median (IQR) maternal length of stay (days)

3.1 (1.9)

2.4 (1.7)

<0.01

−0.14 (−0.23 to −0.06)f

−0.06 (−0.16 to 0.04)f

Median (IQR) neonatal length of staye (days) (2 missing)

2.8 (2.1) n = 210

2.2 (1.6) n = 1128

<0.01

−0.15 (−0.26 to −0.05)f n = 1338

−0.09 (−0.22 to 0.04)f n = 948

Median (IQR) gestation at birth (weeks)

39.6 (1.9)

39.6 (1.9)

0.57

0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01)f

0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02)f

Mean ± SD birth weighte (grams)

3371.2 (±465.9) n = 211

3302.0 (±484.9) n = 1129

0.06

−69.23 (−140.15 to 1.67) n = 1340

26.30 (−62.37 to 114.96) n = 949

  1. HSC: humanitarian source countries, CI: confidence interval, IQR: interquartile range, SD: standard deviation.
  2. Odds ratios and β co-efficients were adjusted for age, parity, IRSD and BMI, except a= adjusted for age, b= adjusted for parity, c= age, parity, d= age, parity, IRSD.
  3. Except where specified, n = 214 for the non-HSC group and 1147 for the HSC group for chi-squared tests, n = 1361 for univariable regression analysis and n = 961 for multivariable regression analysis.
  4. eLive births only.
  5. fOutcome log transformed for regression analysis.