Table 1 Maternal characteristics stratified by maternal fasting category and in total+
| Â | None (n = 172) | Fasted (n = 128) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mothers age (years), mean SD | 29.0 | 5.4 | 27.6 | 4.7 |
range | 24-32.5 | Â | 24-30 | Â |
Trimester exposed to fasting | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1st | - | Â | 42 | 32.8 |
2nd | - | Â | 74 | 57.8 |
3rd | - | Â | 11 | 8.6 |
Duration of fasting | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None | 172 | 100 | Â | Â |
1-9 days | Â | Â | 26 | 20.3 |
10-19 days | Â | Â | 26 | 20.3 |
20-29 days | Â | Â | 76 | 59.4 |
Total period of Ramadan (29 days) | Â | Â | 43 | 14.3 |
Ethnic group | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Pakistani | 161 | 93.6 | 114 | 89.1 |
Indian | 7 | 4.1 | 3 | 2.3 |
Bangladeshi | 4 | 2.3 | 9 | 7.0 |
Other South Asian | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1.6 |
Booking BMI category | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Underweight | 10 | 5.8 | 10 | 7.8 |
Normal | 69 | 40.1 | 37 | 28.9 |
Overweight | 46 | 26.7 | 31 | 24.2 |
Obese | 29 | 16.9 | 38 | 29.7 |
Missing | 18 | 10.5 | 12 | 9.4 |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
0 | 62 | 36.0 | 30 | 23.4 |
1 | 43 | 25.0 | 37 | 28.9 |
2 | 28 | 16.3 | 24 | 18.8 |
3+ | 35 | 20.4 | 33 | 25.8 |
Missing | 4 | 2.3 | 4 | 3.1 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | 163 | 94.7 | 127 | 99.2 |
Single | 4 | 2.3 | 1 | 0.8 |
Divorced/Separated | 5 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 |
Maternal employment | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Currently working | 50 | 29.1 | 25 | 19.5 |
Ever worked | 45 | 26.2 | 27 | 21.1 |
Never worked | 77 | 44.8 | 76 | 59.4 |
Mothers education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<5 GCSE equivalent | 32 | 18.6 | 39 | 30.5 |
5 GCSE equivalent | 45 | 26.2 | 39 | 30.5 |
A-level equivalent | 27 | 15.7 | 21 | 16.4 |
Higher than A-level | 63 | 36.6 | 27 | 21.1 |
Other | 5 | 2.9 | 2 | 1.6 |
Mothers lives in extended family | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 93 | 54.1 | 64 | 50.0 |
Yes | 79 | 45.9 | 64 | 50.0 |
Maternal smoking status during pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 164 | 95.4 | 85 | 100 |
Yes | 8 | 4.6 | 0 | 0 |
Mother in consanguineous relationship | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 90 | 52.3 | 47 | 36.7 |
Yes | 82 | 47.7 | 81 | 63.3 |
Mother born in UK or moved young | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 73 | 42.4 | 69 | 53.9 |
Yes | 99 | 57.6 | 59 | 46.1 |
Gestational diabetes* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 149 | 86.6 | 108 | 84.4 |
Yes | 23 | 13.4 | 20 | 15.6 |
Pregnancy induced hypertension* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 156 | 90.7 | 111 | 86.7 |
Mild to moderate | 3 | 1.7 | 4 | 3.1 |
Severe | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.8 |
Missing | 12 | 7.0 | 12 | 9.4 |
Pre-eclampsia* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 157 | 91.3 | 116 | 90.6 |
Yes | 3 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 |
Missing | 12 | 7.0 | 12 | 9.4 |
Birth outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Birthweight (grams), (SD) | 3133 | 467.4 | 3219.3 | 534.4 |
Gestational length (weeks), SD | 39.1 | 1.6 | 39.2 | 1.5 |
Preterm delivery | 6 | 3.5 | 4 | 3.1 |
Low birth weight (<2500 g), (SD) | 14 | 8.1 | 8 | 6.3 |
Male gender | 79 | 45.9 | 65 | 50.8 |