Skip to main content

Table 4 Factors associated with continuing smoking during pregnancy (n = 2944)

From: Characteristics of women who continue smoking during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of pregnant women and new mothers in 15 European countries

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Maternal characteristics

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Region of residency

    

Western Europe*

1.37

1.11-1.68

1.46

1.16-1.84

Northern Europe†

1

 

1

 

Eastern Europe§

1.19

0.97-1.46

1.66

1.31-2.10

Maternal age

    

≀ 20

1.46

1.03-2.09

0.93

0.63-1.39

21-30

1

 

1

 

31-40

0.97

0.81-1.16

1.19

0.97-1.45

> 40

1.72

0.90-3.30

1.82

0.91-3.65

Marital status

    

Married/cohabiting

1

 

1

 

Other

2.13

1.63-2.77

1.75

1.30-2.35

Highest education level

    

Less than high school

3.75

2.78-5.08

3.64

2.58-5.14

High school

2.58

2.12-3.13

2.53

2.05-3.11

More than high school

1

 

1

 

Other

1.97

1.50-2.59

1.99

1.49-2.66

Health literacy **

    

Low

1.54

1.13-2.09

1.49

1.08-2.06

Medium

1

 

1

 

High

1.00

0.84-1.19

1.06

0.87-1.28

Working status

    

Employed (not as HCP)

1

 

1

 

Healthcare personnel (HCP)

0.85

0.64-1.12

0.92

0.68-1.23

Housewife

2.08

1.54-2.81

1.43

1.04-1.97

Other

1.45

1.18-1.77

1.21

0.97-1.52

First language

    

Same as in country of residency

1

 

-

-

Other

0.96

0.65-1.41

-

-

Previous children

    

No

1

 

1

 

Yes

1.31

1.11-1.55

1.24

1.03-1.49

Co-morbidity not incl. RD ††

    

No

1

 

-

-

Yes

1.19

0.97-1.47

-

-

Respiratory disease §§

    

No

1

 

-

-

Yes

0.84

0.63-1.11

-

-

Planned pregnancy

    

Yes/not completely unexpected

1

 

1

 

No, it was not planned

1.77

1.40-2.25

1.31

1.00-1.72

Folic acid use *†

    

Yes

1

 

1

 

No

1.74

1.36-2.23

1.59

1.22-2.06

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy

    

No

1

 

-

-

Yes

1.21

0.98-1.49

-

-

  1. The outcome variable is categorized as Continuing smoking during pregnancy (yes = 1) and Quitting smoking during pregnancy (no = 0).
  2. Significant p-values are in bold.
  3. HCP = health care provider; RD = respiratory disease.
  4. Numbers may not add up to total due to missing values. For Folic acid use and Alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the response ‘cannot remember’ was treated as a missing value. Missing values are less than 5% of the total.
  5. *Includes Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, United Kingdom.
  6. †Includes Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden.
  7. §Includes Croatia, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia.
  8. **Measured by a self-assessment scale comprising three questions corresponding to the set of brief screening questions (SBSQ) developed to detect inadequate or marginal health literacy in clinical settings [26, 27].
  9. ††Includes the presence of a chronic disease (hypothyroidism, rheumatic diseases (incl. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), diabetes (type I or II), epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular diseases (incl. hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart diseases) or others (open-ended option)).
  10. §§Includes the presence of asthma, allergy, rhinitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, or other respiratory tract conditions.
  11. *†Indicates folic acid use before and/or during pregnancy.
Back to article page

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

Contact us