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Table 1 Predisposing, enabling, psychosocial and clinical factors by patient race in the Health Status in Pregnancy (HIP) study (N = 175)

From: The effect of depression symptoms and social support on black-white differences in health-related quality of life in early pregnancy: the health status in pregnancy (HIP) study

Factors

Participant race

P-value1

Black

White

(N = 103)

(N = 72)

Predisposing

   

Age, yrs, mean ± SD

25 ± 0.6

33 ± 0.6

< 0.001*

Single

73

11

< 0.001*

Parity

  

0.2

 None

2

3

 

 1 prior birth

27

37

 

 ≥ 2 prior births

71

60

 

Education, yrs

  

< 0. 001*

 < 12

26

3

 

 ≥12

74

97

 

Enabling

   

Unemployed

47

13

< 0.001*

Payment source

  

< 0.001*

  Commercial

65

97

 

  Medicaid

35

3

 

Psychosocial

   

Depressive symptoms2

22

7

0.02*

Social Support3

   

Support by significant other

98

99

0.6

Amount of support

  

0.02*

 Little or moderate

22

12

 

 A great deal

68

88

 

Most support other than significant other

56

32

0.03*

Clinical

   

Body mass index, mean ± SD

27.8 ± 8

23.2 ± 6.1

0.002*

Gestational age (mean ± SD weeks)

11 ± 3

8 ± 4

< 0.001*

Smoker

10

6

0.7

Prior preterm birth or spontaneous miscarriage

61

46

0.2

≥ 1 Prior medical conditions4,5

72

67

0.5

≥ 1 Pregnancy complications6

27

24

0.4

  1. Results are reported as percentages unless otherwise indicated. *P-value < 0.05.
  2. 1P-values are based on the chi square for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables.
  3. 2Depressive symptomatology is based on a Center for Epidemiologic Studies.
  4. Depression (CESD) score of 16 or higher; 3 Measures of social support are based on a modified version of the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire.
  5. 4Prior medical conditions included chronic hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, sexually transmitted disease, infertility, renal disease, asthma and prior diagnosis of depression.
  6. 5Among the 72 white women, one participant reported a prior history of depression.
  7. 6Pregnancy-related conditions included hypertension, heart disease and asthma, cervical dysplasia requiring colposcopy, pyelonephritis, first or second trimester vaginal bleeding, sexually transmitted disease (gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, hepatitis B).