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Table 4 Outcomes for different groups of Indigenous mothers and newborns, NT 2003-2005

From: A population-based investigation into inequalities amongst Indigenous mothers and newborns by place of residence in the Northern territory, Australia

Outcomes

Groups

Total no.

Count and Per centa

Odds Ratio [95% CI]a

Adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]a

Maternal:

Mothers who gave birth at 32+ weeks gestation who had ≥5 antenatal visitsb

TE Remote

1,194

1,030 (86.3%)

1.33 [0.95, 1.84]

1.31 [0.87, 1.98]

 

TE Urban

551

425 (77.1%)

0.71 [0.50, 1.01]

0.68 [0.44, 1.04]

 

CA Remote

462

325 (70.4%)

0.50 [0.35, 0.71]

0.55 [0.36, 0.86]

 

CA Urban

327

270 (82.6%)

1.00

1.00

Mothers who reported smoking in pregnancyc

TE Remote

1,217

676 (55.6)

1.33 [1.04, 1.58]

1.47 [1.13, 1.90]

 

TE Urban

559

296 (53.0%)

1.20 [0.91, 1.57]

1.36 [1.02, 1.80]

 

CA Remote

469

135 (28.8%)

0.43 [0.32, 0.58]

0.43 [0.31, 0.58]

 

CA Urban

328

159 (48.5%)

1.00

1.00

Mothers who had epidural/spinal or narcotic pain relief during labourd

TE Remote

1,103

329 (29.8%)

0.68 [0.52, 0.89]

0.71 [0.53, 0.95]

 

TE Urban

501

202 (40.3%)

1.09 [0.81, 1.46]

1.12 [0.82, 1.53]

 

CA Remote

421

134 (31.8%)

0.75 [0.55, 1.02]

0.68 [0.49, 0.95]

 

CA Urban

300

115 (38.3%)

1.00

1.00

Mothers who had a normal birthe

TE Remote

1,217

605 (49.7%)

0.78 [0.61, 1.00]

0.47 [0.34, 0.66]

 

TE Urban

559

301 (53.9%)

0.92 [0.70, 1.22]

0.67 [0.46, 0.96]

 

CA Remote

469

222 (47.3%)

0.71 [0.54, 0.95]

0.52 [0.35, 0.76]

 

CA Urban

328

183 (55.8%)

1.00

1.00

Neonatal:

Healthy babyf

TE Remote

1,217

966 (79.4%)

0.78 [0.60, 1.01]

0.79 [0.58,1.10]

 

TE Urban

559

465 (83.2%)

0.89 [0.62, 1.26]

1.00 [0.64, 1.57]

 

CA Remote

469

373 (79.5%)

0.79 [0.57, 1.08]

0.83 [0.56, 1.23]

 

CA Urban

328

267 (81.4%)

1.00

1.00

Newborns born preterm (< 37 weeks gestation)g

TE Remote

1,217

155 (12.7%)

1.69 [1.10, 2.62]

2.09 [1.20,3.64]

 

TE Urban

559

55 (9.8%)

1.27 [0.78, 2.07]

1.48 [0.81, 2.70]

 

CA Remote

469

50 (10.7%)

1.39 [0.84, 2.28]

1.40 [0.75, 2.61]

 

CA Urban

328

26 (7.9%)

1.00

1.00

Newborns with low birthweight (<2,500 g)h

TE Remote

1,217

144 (11.8%)

1.38 [0.91, 2.10]

1.07 [0.56, 2.03]

 

TE Urban

559

47 (8.4%)

0.95 [0.58, 1.54]

0.78 [0.38, 1.60]

 

CA Remote

469

40 (8.5%)

0.96 [0.58, 1.59]

0.82 [0.38, 1.75]

 

CA Urban

328

29 (8.8%)

1.00

1.00

Newborns admitted to special care (SC)i

TE Remote

1,217

266 (21.9%)

1.01 [0.75, 1.36]

1.22 [0.75, 1.97]

 

TE Urban

559

106 (19.0%)

0.85 [0.61, 1.19]

1.47 [0.87, 2.48]

 

CA Remote

469

100 (21.3%)

0.98 [0.70, 1.38]

1.11 [0.64, 1.9]

 

CA Urban

328

71 (21.7%)

1.00

1.00

Outcome

Groups

Total no.

..

Coefficient [95% CI]

Adjusted Coefficient[95% CI]

Newborns mean birthweight (in grams)j

TE Remote

1,217

..

−179 [−254, −105]

−137 [−216, −59]

 

TE Urban

559

..

−30 [−113, 54]

15 [−71,101]

 

CA Remote

469

..

−76 [−162, 11]

−73 [−163, 17]

 

CA Urban

328

Constant:

3,282 [3,216, 3,349]

3,494 [3,342, 3,646]

  1. a Unless otherwise stated.
  2. b Antenatal visit model limited to mothers who had a pregnancy duration of 32 weeks or more and model adjusted for: age of mother, first pregnancy (Yes/No), four or more pregnancies, and diabetes in pregnancy (Yes/No).
  3. c Smoking in pregnancy refers to any reported smoking during pregnancy and combined ‘smoking at first antenatal visit’ and ‘reported smoking at 36 weeks’. Model adjusted for: age of mother (continuous variable), four or more pregnancies (Yes/No), and reported alcohol use in pregnancy (Yes/No).
  4. d Pain relief model limited to mothers who experienced labour and model adjusted for: age of mother, first pregnancy, four or more pregnancies, and out-of-hospital birth (Yes/No).
  5. e Normal birth model adjusted for: age of mother, first pregnancy, four or more pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, diabetes in pregnancy, inadequate number of antenatal visits (Yes/No), out-of-hospital birth, epidural/spinal pain relief (Yes/No) and augmented labour (Yes/No).
  6. f Healthy baby model adjusted for: age of mother, first pregnancy, four or more pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, out-of-hospital birth, and non-instrumental vaginal birth.
  7. g Preterm birth model adjusted for: age of mother, first pregnancy, four or more pregnancies, smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, diabetes in pregnancy.
  8. hLow birthweight (LBW) model adjusted for same variables as preterm birth model, as well as preterm birth (Yes/No).
  9. i SC Admission model adjusted for same variables as LBW model, as well as LBW (Yes/No), Apgar score at 5 minutes of less than 7 (Yes/No), serious resuscitation (Yes/No) and non-instrumental vaginal birth (Yes/No).
  10. j Birthweight (as a continuous variable) model adjusted for age same variables as LBW model.