Table 1 Distribution of ante-partum and intra-partum factors and crude odds ratios associated with PPH (blood loss ≥500 mL) for vaginal deliveries
From: Inability to predict postpartum hemorrhage: insights from Egyptian intervention data
PPH | No PPH | OR | p-value | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
93 N (%) | 2417 N (%) | ||||
Ante-Partum | |||||
Age | |||||
< 30 | 72 (77.4) | 1,892 (79.4) | 1.00 | ||
30 + | 21 (22.6) | 492 (20.6) | 1.12 | 0.650 | (0.68, 1.84) |
Education | |||||
illiterate | 34 (37.8) | 1,092 (45.8) | 1.00 | ||
literate | 56 (62.2) | 1, 295 (54.2) | 1.39 | 0.137 | (0.90, 2.14) |
Parity | |||||
multiparous | 53 (61.6) | 1,524 (64.85) | 1.00 | ||
nuliparous | 33 (38.4) | 826 (35.15) | 1.15 | 0.539 | (0.74, 1.79) |
Antenatal care | |||||
1 visit | 2 (2.3) | 275 (12.0) | 1.00 | ||
No ANC | 29 (33.3) | 874 (38.1) | 4.56 | 0.039 | (1.08, 19.24) |
2-3 visits | 21 (24.1) | 548 (23.9) | 5.27 | 0.025 | (1.22, 22.63) |
4+ visits | 35 (40.2) | 597 (26.0) | 8.06 | 0.004 | (1.93, 33.76) |
History of PPH | |||||
None | 88 (94.6) | 2,415 (99.9) | 1.00 | ||
Prior PPH | 5 (5.4) | 2 (0.1) | 68.61 | < 0.001 | (13.13, 358.51) |
Previous obstetric complications | |||||
none | 92 (98.9) | 2,306 (95.4) | 1.00 | ||
Other non-PPH | 1 (1.1) | 111 (4.6) | 0.23 | 0.141 | (0.03, 1.63) |
Membranes | |||||
ruptured | 24 (26.1) | 614 (25.7) | 1.00 | ||
intact | 68 (73.9) | 1,775 (74.3) | 0.98 | 0.934 | (0.61, 1.57) |
Anemia | |||||
Ante-partum hemoglobine> 11 mg/dl | 55 (74.3) | 1,332 (77.8) | 1.00 | ||
Ante-partum hemoglobine < = 11 mg/dl | 19 (25.7) | 380 (22.2) | 1.21 | 0.480 | (0.71, 2.07) |
Cervical dilation on admission | |||||
up to 3 cm | 4 (4.3) | 161 (6.7) | 1.00 | ||
4-7 cm | 57 (62.0) | 1,548 (64.8) | 1.48 | 0.453 | (0.53, 4.14) |
> 7 cm | 31 (33.7) | 680 (28.5) | 1.83 | 0.260 | (0.64, 5.27) |
Intra-partum | |||||
Delivery | |||||
Spontaneous delivery | 92 (98.9) | 2,411 (99.8) | 1.00 | ||
vaginal delivery with instruments | 1 (1.1) | 6 (0.2) | 4.37 | 0.174 | (0.52, 36.65) |
Episiotomy | |||||
no | 34 (37.0) | 1,328 (55.8) | 1.00 | ||
yes | 58 (63.0) | 1,052 (44.2) | 2.15 | < 0.001 | (1.40, 3.31) |
Labor augmentation | |||||
no | 44 (47.3) | 1,562 (64.7) | 1.00 | ||
yes | 49 (52.7) | 854 (35.3) | 2.04 | 0.001 | (1.34, 3.09) |
Complete placenta expulsion | |||||
yes | 92 (98.9) | 2,395 (99.5) | 1.00 | ||
no | 1 (1.1) | 13 (0.5) | 2.00 | 0.506 | (0.26, 15.47) |
Vaginal tears | |||||
no | 82 (89.1) | 2,216 (95.3) | 1.00 | ||
yes | 10 (10.9) | 110 (4.7) | 2.46 | 0.010 | (1.24, 4.87) |
Fetal weights | |||||
< 3500 mg | 54 (59.3) | 1,692 (71.7) | 1.00 | ||
Macrosomia (> 3500 mg) | 37 (40.1) | 667 (28.3) | 1.74 | 0.011 | (1.13, 2.67) |
Length of 1st and 2nd stage | |||||
< 1 hour | 10 (11.0) | 634 (26.7) | 1.00 | ||
1 - 2.9 hours | 27 (29.7) | 670 (28.2) | 2.55 | 0.012 | (1.23, 5.32) |
3 - 4.9 hours | 34 (37.3) | 629 (26.5) | 3.43 | 0.001 | (1.68, 7.00) |
5 + hours | 20 (22.0) | 443 (18.6) | 2.86 | 0.007 | (1.33, 6.17) |
AMTSL | |||||
Yes | 62 (66.7) | 2,281 (94.4) | 1.00 | ||
No | 31 (33.3) | 136 (5.63) | 8.39 | < 0.001 | (5.27, 13.35) |
AMTSL components | |||||
Use of uterotonics in 3rd stage | |||||
yes | 78 (83.9) | 2,333 (96.6) | 1.00 | ||
no | 15 (16.1) | 83 (3.4) | 5.40 | < 0.001 | (2.98, 9.79) |
Early cord clamping | |||||
yes | 86 (92.5) | 2,376 (98.3) | 1.00 | ||
no | 7 (7.5) | 41 (1.7) | 4.72 | < 0.001 | (2.06, 10.82) |
Cord traction | |||||
yes | 85 (91.4) | 2,399 (99.3) | 1.00 | ||
no | 8 (8.6) | 18 (0.7) | 12.54 | < 0.001 | (5.31, 29.66) |
Uterine massage | |||||
yes | 82 (88.2) | 2,383 (98.6) | 1.00 | ||
no | 11 (11.8) | 34 (2.4) | 9.40 | < 0.001 | (4.60, 19.21) |