Table 2 Odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for pregnancy outcomes associated with different measures of abuse before and during pregnancy (1)

Any abuse, any timing

1.1 (0.8, 1.5)

1.0 (0.7, 1.5)

1.0 (0.7, 1.3)

0.9 (0.7, 1.3)

2.3 (1.7, 3.2)

2.5 (1.7, 3.5)

Any abuse during pregnancy

1.3 (0.7, 1.8)

1.2 (0.6, 2.1)

1.0 (0.6, 1.8)

1.0 (0.6, 1.7)

2.5 (1.4, 4.2)

2.6 (1.5, 4.6)

Any abuse before and during pregnancy

1.6 (0.8, 3.5)

1.4 (0.6, 3.2)

1.3 (0.6, 2.8)

1.2 (0.6, 2.6)

3.2 (1.6, 6.2)

3.4 (1.7, 6.8)

Abuse items

By type, during pregnancy

Could have hurt or threats

1.1 (0.5, 2.1)

1.0 (0.5, 2.0)

1.1 (0.6, 1.9)

1.0 (0.6, 1.9)

2.4 (1.4, 4.2)

2.2 (1.2, 4.1)

Physical or sexual

1.8 (0.9, 3.4)

1.7 (0.8, 3.3)

1.0 (0.5, 2.1)

1.0 (0.5, 2.0)

2.6 (1.4, 4.8)

2.3 (1.2, 4.4)

Both combined

1.5 (0.7, 3.3)

1.3 (0.6, 3.1)

1.1 (0.5, 2.3)

1.0 (0.4, 2.2)

3.1 (1.6, 6.0)

3.3 (1.6, 6.7)

By type, before and during pregnancy

Could have hurt or threats

1.7 (0.7, 3.8)

1.5 (0.6, 3.7)

1.4 (0.6, 3.0)

1.3 (0.6, 2.8)

3.2 (1.6, 6.4)

2.8 (1.4, 5.7)

Physical or sexual

2.1 (1.0, 4.5)

1.9 (0.8, 4.3)

1.5 (0.7, 3.2)

1.4 (0.6, 3.1)

3.1 (1.5, 6.2)

2.7 (1.3, 5.7)

Both combined

2.2 (1.0, 5.0)

1.9 (0.8, 4.7)

1.5 (0.7, 3.5)

1.3 (0.6, 3.2)

3.9 (1.9, 7.9)

4.1 (1.9, 8.9)

By frequency, during pregnancy

Per 1 additional episode

1.1 (1.0, 1.2)

1.0 (0.9, 1.2)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

1.2 (1.1, 1.3)

1.2 (1.1, 1.3)

By frequency, before and during pregnancy

Per 1 additional episode

1.1 (1.0, 1.2)

1.0 (0.9, 1.2)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

1.2 (1.1, 1.2)

1.2 (1.1, 1.3)

By perpetrator, during pregnancy

Partner/husband/boyfriend

1.1 (0.5, 2.5)

0.9 (0.4, 2.2)

1.2 (0.6, 2.5)

1.1 (0.5, 2.3)

3.9 (2.4, 6.5)

3.8 (2.2, 6.7)

Family/friend/stranger/other

1.4 (0.6, 3.0)

1.3 (0.6, 2.9)

0.8 (0.3, 2.0)

1.0 (0.5, 2.2)

1.4 (0.7, 2.8)

1.6 (0.8, 3.0)

By perpetrator, before and during pregnancy

Partner/husband/boyfriend

2.1 (0.9, 5.0)

1.8 (0.7, 4.3)

2.1 (0.9, 4.8)

1.8 (0.8, 4.4)

4.5 (2.4, 8.4)

4.3 (2.1, 8.7)

Family/friend/stranger/other

Not reliable

Not reliable

Not reliable

Not reliable

Not reliable

Not reliable